Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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- Accounting for Managers 200 The Case of Too Much Cash
Advanced Fraud
199 Webster10.qxd 8/29/2003 10:23 AM Page 199 Capital Budgeting Process To estimate how much cash a business will need over a given period, finance managers generate a capital budget. The first step is to forecast sales. They then project the assets necessary to support that sales level. Next, they decide whether those assets exist presently or if they need to acquire them. Can the assets be supported through internal funds or will outside cash be needed? If outside cash will be needed, decide how to raise the money. Finally, contact the sources and secure funding commitments. Short-term capital is almost always in the form of sort of loan. Bank loans are common, but many businesses rely on fac- tor loans. Factors buy accounts receivables at a discount. The discount depends on whether the receivables are purchased with recourse or without recourse. “With recourse” means the factor has the right to return accounts to the company if it is unable to collect on them. “Without recourse” means that the Accounting for Managers 200 The Case of Too Much Cash Many successful businesses, for various reasons, don’t seek credit lines but hold cash from their fat selling seasons to carry them through the lean. But holding too much cash can also be a problem. Like dollars stuffed under a mattress, idle cash can’t earn any- thing. A high quick ratio or acid test—(current assets – inventory) / current liabilities, as explained in Chapter 4—suggests that the business is holding excess cash. The business should at least set up sweep accounts—bank accounts whose balances are automatically transferred into interest-bearing accounts or investments, such as money market funds. If there’s enough excess cash, the business should also have some short-term investment vehicles. Each industry has certain standard debt ratios, generally a combina- tion of short and long debt.You should look at how your company compares. Assuming some debt, particularly when you have the cash flow to cover it, can help you grow more smoothly. Webster10.qxd 8/29/2003 10:23 AM Page 200 factor assumes the total obligation to collect the debt. Without recourse brings a much larger dis- count on the value of the receivable since the factor is taking on more risk. Businesses should never get caught so short of cash that they are forced to sell equity to cover short-term cash needs. Businesses have more flexibility in financing options for long-term capi- tal. Long-term debt, like a mortgage or some other form of collateralized loan, is most common for smaller busi- nesses. If the business is an entity that can issue stock, that’s an option. Some businesses may also choose to issue bonds. In either case, success in raising money through stocks or bonds may depend on good financial statements, so here again there may be a temptation to get cre- ative with the accounting to improve the figures. As I stated at the start of this chapter, as a man- ager you’re going to run across fraud. You may even find your- self under pressure to participate in some creative accounting practices or at least to ignore them around you. After reading this chapter, you’ll at least be better able to recognize instances of fraud. Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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