Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
Accounting for Managers
140 Setting Standards Standards come from three main sources: experience, theoreti- cal constructs, and practical references. Experience gives the most realistic standard. Based on what was done in the past, it assumes those circumstances will trans- late well into the future. Unfortunately, this can lead to a rather cavalier budgeting exercise along the lines of “Take what we did last year, add or subtract 10%, and call it done.” Theoretical constructs are less satisfactory. The ideal stan- dard usually cannot be met. It leads to unfavorable variances as it assumes minimum prices for all costs and optimal usage of all resources at 100% manufacturing capacity. Practical standards, while often set as an intentional chal- lenge to line management, can usually be reached. These stan- dards should consider at least four things: • Prices for materials are not always going to be the lowest. • Labor is not 100% efficient. • Normal spoilage will occur. • Operations do not run at 100% capacity over time. Most businesses presently use practical standards. You should know that a new manufacturing environment is developing that stresses reaching ideal standards. This empha- sis comes because there’s too much slack and waste built into practical standards. Management efforts like Total Quality Management (TQM) look to cut this waste. Positive results have convinced some that businesses should now move toward ideal standards. Still, “stress” seems to be the operative word there and the jury is still out on how widely its use will spread. The unit price standard sets the price at which direct materi- als should be purchased. Each material needs its own standard. It should be contingent on the sales forecast. Suppliers need to have an estimate of the total quantity to determine the amount of any discount. Also, the company needs to give suppliers the quality and delivery standards before a standard price per unit can be set. Webster07.qxd 8/29/2003 10:22 AM Page 140 |
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