Accounting for Managers
Cost Accounting in Action
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Accounting for Managers
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- Analyzing Variances
Cost Accounting in Action
141 Direct labor price standards usually come straight from a union contract or other negotiations between management and personnel. Any known pay rate increases during the year must figure into the computation. Direct labor efficiency standards can come from union contract work rules or predetermined per- formance standards for the amount of hours that should go into the production of one finished unit. Any hiring contemplated should consider the learning curve effects: learning curve ineffi- ciency is most noticeable in complex processes that require dexterity, as opposed to processes that are fully automated. Setting factory overhead standards usually involves input from many departments. Standard costing establishes a single cost per unit, which is applied despite fluctuations in activity. Because of the amount of information, time, and interdepart- mental coordination involved, companies that use standard costing often establish a separate department for this task. Once the standards are in place, management can budget for costs and production. After comparing the budgeted stan- dards with actual performance, management then adjusts oper- ations to track the budget more closely. Also, as noted earlier, management should review the standards periodically to keep them current. Analyzing Variances Variance analysis looks at the difference between actual and standard costs. It can measure performance, correct inefficien- cies, and deal with any accountability functions. Variances can be favorable or unfavorable. Favorable vari- ance happens when the actual amount is less than the standard amount. Favorable variances are credits; they reduce produc- tion costs. Unfavorable variance occurs when the actual amount is greater than the standard amount. Unfavorable variances are debits; they increase production costs. Variances come in three main flavors: • price • efficiency • volume Webster07.qxd 8/29/2003 10:22 AM Page 141 |
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