Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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- Standard Costing Critique
- Favorable and Unfavorable
Accounting for Managers
142 Factors that can cause price variance include changes in market prices/rates, differences between standard and actual input quality (i.e., higher-quality inputs cost more per unit than lower- quality inputs), changes in delivery channels for materials input, changes in the mix of worker skill levels, outdated standard prices/rates, and random variation in prices/rates. Efficiency variances can come from more or less efficient usage of materials, greater or lesser worker productivity, direct material quality, difficulty of working with materials, worker pro- ductivity and efficiency, less skilled workers, lower wage rates, lower worker productivity and efficiency, inappropriate stan- dards (e.g., ideal standards or outdated standards), and random variation in materials usage and/or worker productivity. Output variances can accompany any of the causes of price and efficiency variances. In addition, output can be affected when one unit’s outputs become another unit’s inputs. Standard Costing Critique To many managers, standard costing seems out of step with the philosophy of cost management systems and activity-based management. They feel that standard costing puts too much focus on direct labor cost and efficiency, particularly as labor costs tend to become fixed rather than variable. In turn, auto- mated manufacturing processes tend to be more consistent in meeting production specifications. Individual variances are lumped together in broad cate- gories. Specific product lines and production batches can be overlooked or managers find variances too late to be useful. Flexible budget systems can also be slow. Shorter product life Favorable and Unfavorable Don’t be misled by the terms “favorable” and unfavorable.” A favorable variance does not necessari- ly mean good, nor does an unfavor- able variance mean bad. Management should analyze all variances to deter- mine the cause.This analysis would include determining if the standard is correct. In reviewing standards, as always, compare costs and benefits. Webster07.qxd 8/29/2003 10:22 AM Page 142 |
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