Analyzing Cost Behavior
Cost behavior can show multivalent charms. The relationship to
activity can be linear, nonlinear (zigzag), or curvilinear. There
are four main techniques for splitting semivariable costs into
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110
component elements:
• high-low
• engineering
• scatter graph
• least squares regression analysis
Because all of these methods depend, to some degree, on
past data, if conditions change dramatically the results will be
unreliable in predicting future cost.
The high-low (two-point) method relies on the highest and
lowest cost in a given period for prior activity levels.
The variable cost part of the mixed cost is the change in
cost divided by the change in activity:
VC =
∆C / ∆A
(In mathematical formulas, the Greek letter delta (
∆) means
change.)
The fixed cost component is equal to the total cost at high
volume less the high volume times the variable cost component:
FC = TC – (HV x VC)
In the engineering approach, engineers study a product’s
direct material and labor requirements, add related direct over-
head, and then make per-unit estimates of the costs that
Variable and Fixed Costs
Month
Electricity Costs
Units Produced
Jan
$5,000
1,600
Feb
$2,500
1,400
Mar
$1,000
1,200
VC =
∆C / ∆A
VC = ($5,000 – $1,000) / (1,600 – 1,200)
VC = $4,000 / 400
VC = $10.00 per unit
FC = $5,000 – (1,600 x 1.00)
FC = $5,000 – 1,600
FC = $3,400
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