Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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- Management Cost Accounting 109
Cost Behavior Patterns
Variable costs (VC) stay constant on a per-unit basis and change in direct proportion to activity levels. Make more and the VC total goes up. Step-variable costs are nearly variable, but go up in small steps rather than at a constant rate. Equipment maintenance is an example: as more machines work more hours, more maintenance work results. If the steps are small, you can treat the step-variable cost function as a variable cost. Fixed costs (FC) remain constant in total, but fluctuate per unit depending on activity levels. Make more and the FC per unit will decrease. Step-fixed costs behave as fixed costs within a wide relevant range, but change outside that range. Semivariable (or mixed) costs have both a variable and a fixed com- ponent.They increase or decrease with activity levels, but not in direct proportion. An example would be a salesperson on a fixed salary plus commission. Curvilinear costs cannot be represented with a straight line, but are represented with a curve showing either increasing or decreasing mar- ginal costs.Working these out is why people take calculus. Webster06.qxd 8/29/2003 5:48 PM Page 108 Management Cost Accounting 109 are marketing, selling, distribution, and transportation depart- ments. All of these will have some overhead costs associated with them. Looking at cost behavior associated with volume, we find that product costs do not transfer from assets to expenses until the finished goods are sold. Once the goods are sold, their product costs become part of the expense item cost of goods sold (COGS). They are then matched with sales revenue and other operating overhead expenses to find operating income. Finished goods that are not sold by the end of a reporting peri- od are treated as finished goods stock or inventory held for sale. Under the absorption cost accounting system (which I’ll explain shortly), overhead costs linked to these finished goods are also assigned to the goods and not reported as expenses. Remember this point: we’ll return to it later. To predict costs, managers must understand cost behavior patterns as they plan, control, and make decisions for their organization’s operation. Those costs need to be parsed out into the various cost categories for analysis. One common way to classify costs involves looking at the ledger account names and deciding whether each cost is fixed or variable or what. Rent? We pay it each month, so it must be fixed. Raw materials? The cost depends on how much we make, so it must be variable. Electricity? We have to pay something each month, but the bill depends on how much we run the machines, so it must be one of those semivariable costs. Each cost is classified as a variable, fixed, or semivariable cost to determine how the cost will behave in the future. This classification is then adjusted based on experience. Many small businesses go no further. The weakness of this approach is that it reports only what costs have been, not what they should be. Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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