Actual problems of modern science, education and training

Discussion. Extracurricular work - the study of scientific and special literature, preparation for classes, writing essays, reports, completing assignments on topics submitted for independent study. It is controlled and evaluated through tests, questions for self-control, tests. Tasks can be differentiated as mandatory (the minimum required for mastering by everyone without exception, the timing and form of reporting can be variable) and optional for everyone, individual: expanding the scope of knowledge or correcting depending on the readiness of the student and his interest in the discipline [7].
By purpose:

1. 
   Current study of the material (CSM) - homework, work with lecture notes, note-taking of primary sources, preparation for seminars, laboratory work.
   
2. 
   Educational and research work (ERW) - the implementation of individual weekly, monthly, semester tasks, independent study of the topic, preparation of an abstract, report, message, analysis of special literature [8].
   
3. 
   Research work (R&W) - the implementation of term papers and theses, the preparation of scientific reports, articles, etc.
   

A.K. Buryak refers to the main varieties of independent work work with a book, observation, experiment, design, modeling, problem solving. A large place in the educational activities of students is occupied by independent work with a book: educational, additional, reference, normative. Tasks for working with the book should be varied, ranging from commented reading to the implementation of practical exercises based on the literature read [9]. These tasks can be the following:
- commented reading (“Read part of the text and explain how you understand

it”);

• 
  drawing up a plan of the material read;
  

-selection of extracts on the questions asked, note-taking of the text;

• 
  preparation of abstracts on several literary sources;
  
• 
  drawing up a plan of the provisions formulated in the literary source, and their
  

implementation in practice (“Read the article, tell or describe how you use the acquired knowledge in practice”);
- search for an explanation of individual terms in dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias;
-Performance of practical tasks with the use of normative, reference literature.
Homework as a type of independent work of students. A peculiar form of organization of independent work of students is self-study of students to do homework. They represent a logical continuation of the classroom lessons, are conducted on the instructions of the teacher, who instructs the students and sets the deadlines for completing the task. Unlike other forms of organization of the educational process, the time spent on this work is not regulated by the schedule [10].
The mode and duration of work is chosen by the student himself, depending on his abilities and specific conditions, which requires him not only mental, but also organizational independence. Homework is an independent learning activity of students that complements the lesson and is part of the learning cycle. Its special functions are to develop the ability to study independently, determine tasks and means of work, and plan teaching. It develops thinking, will, character of the student. Its main purpose is to consolidate the knowledge and skills acquired in the classroom, develop skills, assimilate new material.
Scientists identify the following conditions for the success of homework: students have the skills of independent work, pedagogical guidance and control over homework. The latter requires appropriate dosing, limiting the amount of homework, a clear formulation of tasks and recommendations for implementation, timely verification and evaluation.

In secondary vocational schools, the following types of homework are used, depending on the goal:

1. 
   The goal is the primary acquisition of knowledge (learning new material). Types of homework: reading a textbook, primary source, additional literature;
   

drawing up a plan of the text, taking notes of what has been read, a graphic representation of the structure of the text; extracts from the text; work with dictionaries and reference books; familiarization with regulatory documents; observations.

2. 
   The goal is to consolidate and systematize knowledge.
   

Types of homework: work with lecture notes, re-work on the material of the textbook, primary source, additional literature;
drawing up a plan for answering specially prepared questions; drawing up tables, graphs, diagrams; study of regulatory documents; answers to control questions; preparation for the presentation at the seminar; abstracts and reports, compilation of bibliography.

3. 
   The goal is the application of knowledge, the formation of skills.
   

Types of homework: solving problems and doing exercises according to the model; performance of settlement and graphic, design works, situational production tasks, preparation for business games; preparation of course, diploma projects; experimental work.
Along with homework assignments common to all students, individual assignments can be used. Individual homework assignments are often given in order to fill in the gaps that students have in mastering the educational material. Also, individual homework can be offered to students who show a special interest in a particular academic discipline. Such tasks not only stimulate the development of students' creative abilities, but also contribute to the exchange of knowledge in the classroom, create a creative atmosphere, the joy of intellectual communication.
Individualization of homework assignments can be carried out by partial individualization of the assignment common to the entire study group, the use of individual or group homework assignments instead of (or in addition to) frontal assignments, and the use of optional (desirable) assignments along with mandatory homework assignments.