Actual problems of modern science, education and training

Analysis and results: In low-and middle-income countries, ECD has limited resources. 
For example, the cost of high-impact nutrition interventions in the early years of life is 
much lower. While regional averages are not available, it is estimated that low-and 
middle-income countries spend $ 2.9 billion annually. Interventions such as the addition 
of several micronutrients, the addition of vitamin A and the treatment of severe acute 
malnutrition, which aim to slow growth, depletion and anaemia, and support exclusive 
breastfeeding, are estimated at US $ 1,600.  
This spending level reflects a small share of the budget of the countries in the 
region. For pre-school education, developing countries spend an average of 0.07 per cent 
of GNP. There are still large differences between regions, as shown in figure 1. 
Expenditures also vary significantly within regions; for example, in Latin America and 
the Caribbean, pre-school expenditures amounted to 0.1 per cent of GNP in Panama and 
0.5 per cent of GNP in Mexico. 

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178 
Figure 1. Public expenditure on pre-primary education by region 
Source: UNESCO. ―Education for All Global Monitoring Report Statistical Tables‖ 
(2015). 
This level of funding contrasts with what is spent in countries with higher levels 
of income, where in many cases the care of young children and education are universal: 
from 1 year to several countries in Northern Europe and 2 to 3 years in Belgium, France, 
Germany and other countries. United Kingdom. Figure 2 shows how the cost of one pre-
school student reaches us $ 7,943. US in North America and Western Europe and 37 us 
dollars. Sub-Saharan Africa. Although higher-income countries tend to spend more on 
pre-school education than low-and middle-income countries, they tend to spend less on 
one child in early childhood than on primary education, often because pre-school 
teachers earn less than their primary school counterparts.
0,55 
0,44 
0,27 
0,22 
0,09 
0,02 
0,01 
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Central and Eastern Europe
North America and Western Europe
Central Asia
Latin America and Caribbean
East Asia
South and West Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
% of GNP

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179 
Figure 2. 2012 Per Pupil Public Education Expenditure by Region (Constant 2011 US Dollars in 
Thousands) 
Source: UNESCO. ―Education for All Global Monitoring Report Statistical Tables‖ (2015) 
In developing countries, the cost of ECD programmes per child varies 
considerably due to a number of factors, including wage levels, heterogeneity of 
services, delivery mechanisms and the quality of resources. For example, the ECD 
Madras programme in East Africa estimated unit costs of between $ 14 and $ 24 per 
child per month. In comparison, the annual cost per unit of the programme supported by 
the Honduran Institute for children and the family was estimated at $ 1,602 USD.