African-American literature
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African American literature
2.8 Recent history
Beginning in the 1970s, African-American literature reached the mainstream as books by Black writers con- tinually achieved best-selling and award-winning sta- tus. This was also the time when the work of African- American writers began to be accepted by academia as a legitimate genre of American literature. [44] As part of the larger Black Arts Movement , which was in- spired by the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements, African American literature began to be de ned and an- alyzed. A number of scholars and writers are gener- ally credited with helping to promote and de ne African- American literature as a genre during this time period, including ction writers Toni Morrison and Alice Walker and poet James Emanuel. James Emanuel took a major step toward de n- ing African-American literature when he edited (with Theodore Gross) Dark Symphony: Negro Literature in America (1968), a collection of black writings released by a major publisher. [45] This anthology, and Emanuel’s work as an educator at the City College of New York (where he is credited with introducing the study of African-American poetry ), heavily in uenced the birth of the genre. [45] Other in uential African-American an- thologies of this time included Black Fire: An Anthology of Afro-American Writing , edited by LeRoi Jones (now known as Amiri Baraka) and Larry Neal in 1968; The Negro Caravan , co-edited by Sterling Brown , Arthur P. Davis and Ulysses Lee in 1969; and We Speak As Libera- tors: Young Black Poets - An Anthology , edited by Oorde Coombs and published in 1970. Toni Morrison , meanwhile, helped promote Black lit- erature and authors when she worked as an editor for Random House in the 1960s and '70s, where she edited books by such authors as Toni Cade Bambara and Gayl Jones . Morrison herself would later emerge as one of the most important African-American writers of the 20th century. Her rst novel, The Bluest Eye, was published in 1970. Among her most famous novels is Beloved , which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1988. This story describes a slave who found freedom but killed her in- fant daughter to save her from a life of slavery. An- other important novel is Song of Solomon , a tale about materialism , unrequited love , and brotherhood. Morri- son is the rst African American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature . In the 1970s novelist and poet Alice Walker wrote a fa- mous essay that brought Zora Neale Hurston and her clas- sic novel Their Eyes Were Watching God back to the at- tention of the literary world. In 1982, Walker won both the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award for her novel The Color Purple . An epistolary novel (a book writ- ten in the form of letters), The Color Purple tells the story of Celie, a young woman who is sexually abused by her stepfather and then is forced to marry a man who physi- cally abuses her. The novel was later made into a lm by Steven Spielberg . The 1970s also saw African-American books topping the bestseller lists. Among the rst to do so was Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley . A ction- alized account of Haley’s family history—beginning with the kidnapping of his ancestor Kunta Kinte in Gambia through his life as a slave in the United States— Roots won the Pulitzer Prize and became a popular television miniseries . Haley also wrote The Autobiography of Mal- colm X in 1965. Other important writers in recent years include literary ction writers Gayl Jones, Rasheed Clark , Ishmael Reed , Jamaica Kincaid , Randall Kenan , and John Edgar Wide- man . African-American poets have also garnered atten- tion. Maya Angelou read a poem at Bill Clinton 's inaugu- ration, Rita Dove won a Pulitzer Prize and served as Poet Laureate of the United States from 1993 to 1995, and 3.1 Refuting the dominant literary culture 9 Cyrus Cassells 's Soul Make a Path through Shouting was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 1994. Cassells is a re- cipient of the William Carlos Williams Award . Natasha Trethewey won the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry with her book Native Guard. Lesser-known poets such as Thylias Moss also have been praised for their innova- tive work. Notable black playwrights include Ntozake Shange , who wrote For Colored Girls Who Have Con- sidered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf ; Ed Bullins ; Suzan-Lori Parks ; and the proli c August Wilson , who won two Pulitzer Prizes for his plays. Most recently, Edward P. Jones won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for The Known World , his novel about a black slaveholder in the antebellum South. Young African American novelists include David An- thony Durham , Tayari Jones , Kalisha Buckhanon , Mat Johnson , ZZ Packer and Colson Whitehead , just to name a few. African-American literature has also crossed over to genre ction . A pioneer in this area is Chester Himes , who in the 1950s and '60s wrote a series of pulp c- tion detective novels featuring “Co n” Ed Johnson and “Gravedigger” Jones, two New York City police detec- tives. Himes paved the way for the later crime novels of Walter Mosley and Hugh Holton . African Ameri- cans are also represented in the genres of science ction, fantasy and horror, with Samuel R. Delany , Octavia E. Butler , Steven Barnes , Tananarive Due , Robert Fleming , Brandon Massey , Charles R. Saunders , John Ridley , John M. Faucette , Sheree Thomas and Nalo Hopkinson being just a few of the well-known authors. Finally, African-American literature has gained added at- tention through the work of talk-show host Oprah Win- frey , who repeatedly has leveraged her fame to promote literature through the medium of her Oprah’s Book Club . At times, she has brought African-American writers a far broader audience than they otherwise might have re- ceived. Download 1.33 Mb. 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