African-American literature
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African American literature
2.5 Post-slavery era
After the end of slavery and the American Civil War, a number of African-American authors wrote non c- tion works about the condition of African Americans in the United States. Many African-American women wrote about the principles of behavior of life during the period. [39] Among the most prominent of these writers is W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963), who had a doctorate in sociol- ogy from Harvard University, and was one of the orig- inal founders of the NAACP in 1910. At the turn of the century, Du Bois published a highly in uential collection of essays entitled The Souls of Black Folk . The essays on race were groundbreaking and drew from Du Bois’s personal experiences to describe how African Americans lived in rural Georgia and in the larger American society. Du Bois wrote: “The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line”, [40] a statement since con- sidered prescient. Du Bois believed that African Ameri- cans should, because of their common interests, work to- gether to battle prejudice and inequity. He was a profes- sor at Atlanta University and later at Howard University . Another prominent author of this period is Booker T. Washington (1856–1915), who in many ways repre- sented opposite views from Du Bois. Washington was an educator and the founder of the Tuskegee Institute , a historically black college in Alabama. Among his pub- lished works are Up From Slavery (1901), The Future of the American Negro (1899), Tuskegee and Its People (1905), and My Larger Education (1911). In contrast to Du Bois, who adopted a more confrontational attitude toward ending racial strife in America, Washington be- lieved that Blacks should rst lift themselves up and prove themselves the equal of whites before asking for an end to racism. While this viewpoint was popular among some Blacks (and many whites) at the time, Washington’s po- litical views would later fall out of fashion. Elizabeth Keckley (1818–1907) was a former slave who managed to establish a successful career as a dressmaker who catered to the Washington political elite after obtain- ing her freedom. However, soon after publishing Behind the Scenes; or, Thirty Years as a Slave and Four Years in the White House , she lost her job and found herself re- duced to doing odd jobs. Although she acknowledged the cruelties of her enslavement and her resentment to- wards it, Keckley chose to focus her narrative on the in- cidents that “moulded her character”, and on how she proved herself “worth her salt”. [41] Behind the Scenes de- tails Keckley’s life in slavery, her work for Mary Todd Lincoln and her e orts to obtain her freedom. Keck- ley was also deeply committed to programs of racial im- provement and protection and helped found the Home for Destitute Women and Children in Washington, D.C., as a result. In addition to this, Keckley taught at Wilberforce University in Ohio. Josephine Brown (born 1839), the youngest child of abo- litionist and author William Wells Brown , wrote a biogra- phy of her father, Biography of an American Bondman, By His Daughter . Brown wrote the rst ten chapters of the narrative while studying in France, as a means of sat- isfying her classmates’ curiosity about her father. After returning to America, she discovered that the narrative of her father’s life, written by him, and published a few years before, was out of print and thus produced the rest of the chapters that constitute Biography of an American Bondman . Brown was a quali ed teacher but she was also extremely active as an advocate against slavery. Although not a US citizen, the Jamaican Marcus Gar- vey (1887–1940), was a newspaper publisher, journal- ist, and activist for Pan Africanism who became well known in the United States. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Commu- nities League (UNIA). He encouraged black national- ism and for people of African ancestry to look favorably upon their ancestral homeland. He wrote a number of essays published as editorials in the UNIA house organ, the Negro World newspaper. Some of his lecture mate- rial and other writings were compiled and published as non ction books by his second wife Amy Jacques Gar- vey as the Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey Or, Africa for the Africans (1924) and More Philosophy and 6 2 HISTORY Opinions of Marcus Garvey (1977). Paul Laurence Dunbar , who often wrote in the rural, black dialect of the day, was the rst African-American poet to gain national prominence. His rst book of po- etry, Oak and Ivy, was published in 1893. Much of Dun- bar’s work, such as When Malindy Sings (1906), which in- cludes photographs taken by the Hampton Institute Cam- era Club, and Joggin' Erlong (1906) provide revealing glimpses into the lives of rural African Americans of the day. Though Dunbar died young, he was a proli c poet, essayist, novelist (among them The Uncalled, 1898 and The Fanatics , 1901) and short story writer. Other African-American writers also rose to prominence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among these is Charles W. Chesnutt , a well-known short story writer and essayist. Mary Weston Fordham published Magnolia Leaves in 1897, a book of poetry on religious, spiritual, and occasionally feminist themes with an introduction by Booker T. Washington . Frances E. W. Harper (1825–1911) wrote four novels, several volumes of poetry, and numerous stories, poems, essays and letters. Born to free parents in Baltimore, Maryland, Harper received an uncommonly thorough ed- ucation at her uncle, William Watkins’ school. In 1853, publication of Harper’s Eliza Harris, which was one of many responses to Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom’s Cabin , brought her national attention. Harper was hired by the Maine Anti-Slavery Society and in the rst six weeks, she managed to travel to twenty cities, giving at least thirty-one lectures. [42] Her book Poems on Miscella- neous Subjects , a collection of poems and essays prefaced by William Lloyd Garrison , was published in 1854 and sold more than 10,000 copies within three years. Harper was often characterized as “a noble Christian woman” and “one of the most scholarly and well-read women of her day”, but she was also known as a strong advocate against slavery and the post-Civil War repressive mea- sures against blacks. Download 1.33 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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