African-American literature
History 2.1 Early African-American literature
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African American literature
2 History
2.1 Early African-American literature African-American history predates the emergence of the United States as an independent country, and African- American literature has similarly deep roots. Lucy Terry is the author of the oldest known piece of African-American literature, “Bars Fight”. Terry wrote the ballad in 1746 after an Indian attack on Deer eld. She was enslaved in Deer eld at the time of the attack. The ballad was rst published in 1854, with an additional couplet, in The Springfield Republican [13] and in 1855 in Josiah Holland’s History of Western Massachusetts. The poet Phillis Wheatley (1753–84) published her book Poems on Various Subjects in 1773, three years before American independence. Wheatley was not only the rst African American to publish a book, but also the rst to achieve an international reputation as a writer. Born in Senegal , Wheatley was captured and sold into slavery at the age of seven. Brought to America, she was owned by a Boston merchant. By the time she was sixteen, she had mastered her new language of English. Her poetry was praised by many of the leading gures of the American Revolution , including George Washington , who thanked Phillis Wheatley her for a poem written in his honor. Some whites found it hard to believe that a Black woman could write such re ned poetry. Wheatley had to defend herself in court to prove that she had written her work. Some critics cite Wheatley’s successful defense as the rst recognition of African-American literature. [14] As a result of the skep- ticism surrounding her work, Poems on Various Subjects o ers its reader several introductory documents designed to authenticate Wheatley and her poetry and to substan- tiate her literary motives.” [15] Another early African-American author was Jupiter Hammon (1711–1806?). Hammon, considered the rst published Black writer in America, published his poem “An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Peniten- tial Cries” as a broadside in early 1761. In 1778 he wrote an ode to Phillis Wheatley, in which he discussed their shared humanity and common bonds. In 1786, Hammon gave his extquotedbl Address to the Negroes of the State of New York extquotedbl. Writing at the age of 76 after a lifetime of slavery, Hammon said: “If we should ever get to Heaven, we shall nd nobody to reproach us for being black, or for being slaves.” He also promoted the idea of a gradual emancipation as a way to end slavery. [16] Hammon is thought to have been a slave until his death. In the 19th century, his speech was later reprinted by several abolitionist groups. William Wells Brown (1814–84) and Victor Séjour (1817–74) produced the earliest works of ction by African-American writers. Séjour was born free in New Orleans and moved to France at the age of 19. There he published his short story extquotedbl Le Mulâtre ex- 2.3 Frederick Douglass 3 tquotedbl (“The Mulatto”) in 1837. It is the rst known ction by an African American, but as it was written in French and published in a French journal, it had appar- ently no in uence on later American literature. Séjour never returned to African-American themes in his subse- quent works. [17] Brown, on the other hand, was a prominent abolitionist , lecturer, novelist, playwright, and historian in the United States. Born into slavery in the South , Brown escaped to the North , where he worked for abolitionist causes and was a proli c writer. Brown wrote Clotel; or, The Presi- dent’s Daughter (1853), considered to be the rst novel written by an African American. It was based on the persistent rumor that president Thomas Je erson had fa- thered a daughter with his slave Sally Hemings . The novel was rst published in England. [18] The rst African-American novel published in the United States was Harriet Wilson 's Our Nig (1859). It expressed the di culties of lives of northern free Blacks. Our Nig was rediscovered and republished by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. , in the early 1980s. He labeled the work ction and ar- gued that it may be the rst novel published by an African- American. [19] Parallels between Wilson’s narrative and her life have been discovered. This has led some schol- ars to argue that the work is in fact autobiographical. [20] Despite these disagreements, Our Nig is a literary work which speaks to the di cult life of free blacks in the North who were indentured servants. Our Nig is also a counter-narrative to the sentimental novel and mother- centered novel of the 19th century. [21] Another recently discovered work of early African- American literature is The Bondwoman’s Narrative, which was written by Hannah Crafts between 1853 and 1860. Crafts was a fugitive slave. If it was written in 1853 then it would be the rst African-American novel written in the United States. The novel was republished in 2002 with an introduction by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. The work was never published during Crafts’ lifetime. Some speculate this occurred because she did not have entry into the publishing world. [22] The novel situates itself between slave narratives and the sentimental novel. [23] Crafts’ novel is important because it rethinks the genre of the slave narrative. There is some evidence that the nar- rative was serialized and bears resemblances to Charles Dickens’ style. [24] – Many critics are still attempting to decode its literary signi cance and establish its contribu- tions to the study of early African-American literature. Download 1.33 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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