African-American literature
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African American literature
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- 2.4 Spiritual narratives
2.3 Frederick Douglass
Main article: Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass (c. 1818–95) rst came to public attention in the North as an orator for abolition and as the author of a moving slave narrative. He eventually became the most prominent African American of his time and one of the most in uential lecturers and authors in American history. Born into slavery in Maryland, Douglass eventually es- caped and worked for numerous abolitionist causes. He also edited a number of newspapers. Douglass’ best- known work is his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave , which was pub- lished in 1845. At the time some critics attacked the 4 2 HISTORY Frederick Douglass book, not believing that a black man could have writ- ten such an eloquent work. Despite this, the book was an immediate bestseller. Douglass later revised and ex- panded his autobiography, which was republished as My Bondage and My Freedom (1855). In addition to serv- ing in a number of political posts during his life, he also wrote numerous in uential articles and essays. 2.4 Spiritual narratives Early African-American spiritual autobiographies were published in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Au- thors of these narratives include James Gronniosaw , John Marrant , and George White. William L. Andrews ar- gues that these early narratives “gave the twin themes of the Afro-American 'pregeneric myth'—knowledge and freedom—their earliest narrative form”. [25] These spiri- tual narratives were important predecessors of the slave narratives which proliferated the literary scene of the 19th century. These spiritual narratives have often been left out of the study of African-American literature be- cause some scholars have deemed them historical or so- ciological documents, despite their importance to under- standing African-American literature as a whole. [26] African-American women who wrote spiritual narratives had to negotiate the precarious positions of being black and women in early America. Women claimed their au- thority to preach and write spiritual narratives by cit- ing the Epistle of James , often calling themselves “do- ers of the word”. [27] The study of these women and their spiritual narratives are signi cant to the understand- ing of African-American life in the Antebellum North because they o er both historical context and literary tropes. Women who wrote these narratives had a clear knowledge of literary genres and biblical narratives. This contributed to advancing their message about African- American women’s agency and countered the dominant racist and sexist discourse of early American society. Zilpha Elaw was born in 1790 in America to free parents. She was a preacher for ve years in England without the support of a denomination. [28] She published her Mem- oirs of the Life, Religious Experience, Ministerial Travel and Labours of Mrs. Zilpha Elaw, an American Female of Colour in 1846, while still living in England. Her nar- rative was meant to be an account of her spiritual expe- rience. Yet some critics argue that her work was also meant to be a literary contribution. [29] Elaw aligns her- self in a literary tradition of respectable women of her time who were trying to combat the immoral literature of the time. [30] Maria W. Stewart published a collection of her religious writings with an autobiographical experience attached in 1879. The publication was called Meditations from the Pen of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart . She also had two works published in 1831 and 1832 titled Religion and the Pure Principles of Morality and Meditations. Maria Stewart was known for her public speeches in which she talked about the role of black women and race relations. [31] Her works were praised by Alexander Crummell and William Lloyd Garrison . Stewart’s works have been argued to be a re- fashioning of the jeremiad tradition and focus on the spe- ci c plight of African Americans in America during the period. [32] – Jarena Lee published two religious autobiographical nar- ratives: The Life and Religious Experience of Jarena Lee and Religious Experience and Journal of Mrs. Jarena Lee . These two narratives were published in 1836 and 1849 respectively. Both works spoke about Lee’s life as a preacher for the African Methodist Church. But her narratives were not endorsed by the Methodists be- cause a woman preaching was contrary to their church doctrine. [33] Some critics argue that Lee’s contribution to African-American literature lies in her disobedience to the patriarchal church system and her assertion of women’s rights within the Methodist Church. [34] Nancy Prince was born in 1799, in Newburyport, Mas- sachusetts, and was of African and Native American de- scent. She turned to religion at the age of 16 in an attempt to nd comfort from the trials of her life. [35] She married Nero Prince and traveled extensively in the West Indies and Russia. She became a missionary and in 1841 she tried to raise funds for missionary work in the West Indies, publishing a pamphlet entitled The West Indies: Being a Description of the Islands, Progress 2.5 Post-slavery era 5 of Christianity, Education, and Liberty Among the Col- ored Population Generally . Later, in 1850, she pub- lished A Narrative of the Life and Travels of Mrs. Nancy Prince . These publications were both spiritual narratives and travel narratives. [36] Similar to Jarena Lee, Prince ad- hered to the standards of Christian religion by framing her unique travel narrative in a Christian perspective. [37] Yet, her narrative poses a counter narrative to the 19th century’s ideal of a demure woman who had no voice in society and little knowledge of the world. Sojourner Truth (1797–1883) was a leading advocate in both the abolitionist and feminist movements in the 19th century. Born Isabella to a wealthy Dutch master in Ul- ster County, New York, she adopted the name Sojourner Truth after forty years of struggle, rst to attain her free- dom and then to work on the mission she felt God in- tended for her. This new name was to “signify the new person she had become in the spirit, a traveler dedicated to speaking the Truth as God revealed it”. [38] Truth played a signi cant role during the Civil War. She worked tire- lessly on several civil rights fronts; she recruited black troops in Michigan, helped with relief e orts for freed- men and women escaping from the South, led a successful e ort to desegregate the streetcars in Washington, D.C., and she counseled President Abraham Lincoln. Truth never learned to read or write but in 1850, she worked with Oliver Gilbert, a sympathetic white woman, to write the Narrative of Sojourner Truth. This narrative was a contribution to both the slave narrative and female spiri- tual narratives. Download 1.33 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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