Air travel geography

THEME: “AIRPORTS AND TRAVEL”
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF FINANCE TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
ISFT – 2022
Student: IBROHIMOVA DURDONA
Group: FLK 03
Teacher: HUSANOVA NAFOSAT
SELF STUDY

OBJECTIVES:

• 2.1 DISCUSS 8 FREEDOMS OF THE AIR
• 2.2 DESCRIBE THE INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA)
• 2.3 DEFINE INTERLINE TRAVEL
• 2.4. DEFINE CITY, AIRPORT & AIRLINE CODES
• 2.5 CALCULATE INTERNTIONAL TIME

Traveling out of your country

• Border: line that separates countries
• each country owns the land, ocean, and airspace within its borders
• An airline must have the country’s permission to fly in its airspace
• International air traffic agreements specify frequency of flights & number of air routes
• These regulations were established by the United Nations in 1944 (UN)

8 Freedoms of the Air

• Fly through the airspace of another country without landing
• Land in another country for technical reasons ( emergency, refuel, repairs)
• Fly from one country to another country to drop off passengers and cargo
• Pick up passengers and cargo from one country and fly them back to the originating country

8 Freedoms of the Air

• Fly from Country A to pick up passengers and cargo in Country B and drop them off in Country C
• Fly between two countries other than the country of origin and make stop over in the country of origin
• Fly between 2 countries other than the country of origin with no stopover in the country of origin
• Fly solely within another country

NATIONAL AIRLINES

• Many countries have a national airline
• These carry the colors of their countries’ flags on the tail sections or fuselage of the plane
• These airlines are called Flag Carriers
• EXAMPLE: Lufthansa is from Germany
• Egyptair is the flag carrier of Egypt

INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION

• IATA: founded in 1945
• Principal governing body of worldwide airline operations
• Regulates international air traffic
• Sets safety standards
• Sets flight schedules
• Sets reservation, passenger and baggage regulations
• Investigates accidents

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

• English is the universal language of the travel industry
• The universal aviation code is written in English and is used by travel agents and aviation workers to minimize errors when spelling names of passengers

UNIVERSAL AVIATION CODE

A-Alpha H-Hotel O-Oslo V-Victor

B-Bravo I-India P-Papa W-Whiskey

C-Charlie J-Juliet Q-Quebec X-X ray

D-Delta K-Kilo R-Romeo Y-Yankee

E-Echo L-Lima S-Sierra Z-Zulu

F-Foxtrot M-Mike T-Tango

G-Golf N-November U-Uniform

INTERLINE TRAVEL

• Interline travel: where passengers are able to fly on different carriers during their trip
• Interline agreement means two or more airlines have agreed to transport the other’s passengers and baggage at connecting points
• Airlines accept tickets of other airlines

IATA AREAS OF TRAVEL

• 3 AREAS OF TRAVEL
• Areas are called Traffic Conferences
• Used to establish airfare prices and flying zones

TRAFFIC CONFERENCES

• Area 1 or TC 1: Western Hemisphere or WH includes:
• North America
• Central America (excluding Panama)
• South America ( including Panama)
• The Caribbean
• Greenland
• Bermuda

TRAFFIC CONFERENCES

• Area 2 or TC 2: Europe and Africa which includes:
• Europe (including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Russia west of the Ural Mountains)
• The Middle East ( including Egypt and Sudan)
• Africa (Excluding Egypt, Sudan, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia)

TRAFFIC CONFERENCES

• Area 3 or TC 3: Australasia which includes:
• Asia (including Russia east of the Ural Mountains)
• Australia
• New Zealand
• The South Pacific

CITY, AIRPORT, & AIRLINE CODES

• IATA assigns codes to distinguish cities, airports, and airlines around the world
• A three-letter location code identifies a city or an airport
• example: BUE=Buenos Aires, Argentina

CAI= Cairo, Egypt

LON= London, England

PAR= Paris, France

SIN= Singapore, Singapore

CITY AND AIRPORT CODES

• Some city and airport codes are formed by using three letters from the city’s name
• Example: BKK=Bangkok, Thailand

HKG=Hong Kong, Hong Kong

NBO=Nairobi, Kenya

TYO=Tokyo, Japan

ZRH=Zurich, Switzerland

AIRLINE CODES

• Airline codes are often difficult to recognize
• Example: AT=Royal Air Moroc

AZ=Alitalia

BA=British Airways

JL=Japan Air Lines

MS=Egypt Air

LA=Lan Chile

AIR FARES & ROUTES

• Fares differ depending on air routes
• All directions of travel have a 2-letter code
• Example: AF=via Africa

AP=via the Atlantic & Pacific

AT=via the Atlantic

EH=Eastern Hemisphere

EU=via Europe

PO=via North Pole

WH=Western Hemisphere