Al-Ghaza¯lı¯’s Philosophical
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Zimmermann, F.W. Al-Farabi ’ s Commentary and Short Treatise on Aristotle ’ s De Interpre- tatione . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. This page intentionally left blank General Index ¶Abba¯s, Ih.sa¯n, 70, 309 n. 64 ¶Abd al-Gha¯fi r al-Fa¯risı¯, 9, 20 –23, 27 –29, 31, 34, 43 – 44, 49 –54, 56 –57, 266 ¶Abd al-Mu 7min ibn ¶Alı¯ (Almohad ruler), 78 al-Abı¯wardı¯, 58 Abraham, the Prophet, 8, 24, 44, 48, 51, 100 – 1, 157, 246 –51, 253 –54, 284 Abrahamov, Binjamin, 179 – 80 Abu¯ l-Fath. Nas.r al-Maqdisı¯ al- Nabulu¯sı¯, xii, 43, 44, 46 – 49, 71 Abu¯-l Futu¯h. Ah.mad al-Ghaza¯lı¯, 26 –27, 42, 58, 62, 81, 82 Abu¯ l-H . usayn al-Bas.rı¯, 134, 170, 189, 323, 332–33, 336, 343, 345 Abu¯ Nas.r al-Isma¯ 7ı¯lı¯, 27 –28 Abu¯ l-Qa¯sim ¶Abdalla¯h ibn ¶Alı¯, 27 Abu¯ l-Qa¯sim Isma¯ 7ı¯l ibn Mas ¶ada al-Isma¯ 7ı¯lı¯, 295 n. 69 Abu¯ T.a¯hir al-Shabba¯k, 42 Abu¯ Yazı¯d al-Bist.a¯mı¯, 40 accident ( ¶arad. ), 70 – 71, 109, 125–27, 129, 133, 140 – 41, 159, 189, 202, 209 –212, 223, 229, 249 –50, 281, 284– 85 Acre, 63 Ah.mad al-Ghaza¯lı¯. See Abu¯-l Futu¯h. Ah.mad al-Ghaza¯lı¯ Alamu¯t, 40 al-A
¯midı¯, 72 Almohads, 77 – 81, 187 Almoravids, 63, 80 – 81, 85 Alp Arslan, xi, 27 al-amr (“the divine command”), 237, 243, 252–53, 256 –59, 274, 280 ( see also laws of nature) al- ¶A
¯mirı¯, 48, 256, 283, 356 n. 155, 358 n. 22 al-Andalus, 44, 61 – 63, 67, 77 – 81, 85, 199, 275 al-Ans.a¯rı¯, Abu¯ l-Qa¯sim, 57, 130, 134 Antioch, 48 Anu¯shirwa¯n ibn Kha¯lid, 40, 314 n. 161
apostasy, 7, 85– 86, 103 – 6, 108 – 9, 111, 119 Aristotle, 3, 29, 30, 97, 99, 116 – 17, 121, 134–36, 139, 163, 166 – 70, 199 –200 208 – 9, 230, 248 –52, 262– 63, 276, 278, 282 Aristotelianism, 6 – 7, 29, 81, 98, 101, 116, 120, 122, 134–35, 144, 147 – 48, 150 –53, 158 –59, 167 – 68, 175, 177, 181, 184, 199, 208, 210, 212– 13, 246, 249 –50, 261 – 62, 278
al- ¶arsh (“the throne”), 118, 123, 243, 268, 280 3 9 6 ge ner a l inde x
As ¶ad al-Mayhanı¯, 27 –28, 71 – 74, 77, 83, 86
Ascalon, 63 Asín Palacios, Miguel, 9 al-Ash ¶arı¯, 29, 42, 125–30, 169, 188, 195, 198, 217 Ash ¶arism, 6, 10 – 12, 21 –22, 27, 29 –30, 54, 67, 69, 75, 77, 80, 105– 6, 124–28, 152, 159, 167, 170 – 72, 177 – 78, 181 – 82, 188 – 91, 195, 197 – 98, 202, 204, 216 – 17, 219, 225–26, 230, 224, 226, 274, 249 –50, 262– 63, 266, 271 atomism, 71, 125–27, 159, 202– 04, 249 –50, 284– 85 Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 4, 6, 19 –20, 61, 81 95, 118 – 19, 178, 180, 212, 246, 277, 284 Avicenna (Ibn Sı¯na¯), 6 – 7, 10 – 12, 14, 19, 29 –30, 35, 61, 71 – 72, 79, 98 – 99, 104– 6, 108, 117 – 19, 133 – 41, 147, 161 – 73, 175– 78, 180, 182, 184– 85, 189, 193 –201, 208 – 12, 219, 223, 225–26, 229 –30, 233 –34, 242, 249, 251 – 67, 271 – 73, 276 – 83, 286 on causality, 134–37, 143 – 44, 150 –53 on prophecy and the quasi-prophetical faculties of awliya¯ 7, 67 – 69 on the necessity of God’s creation, 141 – 43 proof of God’s existence, 77, 83 – 85, 135, 251 –52 awliya¯ 7 (“friends of God”), 67, 69, 86, 179, 198, 199, 200, 264 al- ¶Aydaru¯s, 16 ¶Ayn al-Qud.a¯t al-Hamadha¯nı¯, 62, 81 – 86 al-Ba¯bı¯ al-H . alabı¯ Family, 16 Baghdad, xi–xiii, 8 – 9, 20, 24–29, 31 –32, 34–37, 39 – 45, 48 –52, 56 –59, 63 – 65, 67, 73 –– 74, 77, 80, 86, 97, 128, 204 al-Baghda¯dı¯, ¶Abd al-Qa¯hir, 128, 189, 262, 349 n. 97, 355 al-Baghda¯dı¯, ¶Abd al-Lat.ı¯f, 72 Bauer, Hans, 15– 16 Bausani, Alessandro, 6 al-Baqarı¯, ¶Abd al-Da¯ 7im, 20 al-Bayhaqı¯, Z.a¯hir al-Dı¯n ibn Funduq, 22, 71 – 72, 81 Berkey, Jonathan, 4 Berk-Yaruq, xii–xiii, 36 –38, 40, 298 n. 132
Bı¯ju¯, Mah.mu¯d, 15 Bougie ( also Béjaïa, in Algeria), 63 Bouyges, Maurice, 13, 17, 20, 35 Brethren of Purity, 199 –201, 269, 282– 83 Brockelmann, Carl, 13, 306 n. 7 al-Bundarı¯, 314 Burrell, David B., 259 Cairo, 15– 16, 40, 70 causality, 12, 83, 127 –28, 147 – 62, 175, 179, 182, 203 –3, 206, 211 – 12, 257, 277 – 79 secondary, 10, 122, 128, 132–37, 143 – 46, 149, 151, 153, 172– 73, 178 – 83, 201, 204–5, 215, 217, 221, 223, 235–36, 239, 243, 262, 264, 274, 276 – 79, 284 chance, coincidence ( ittifa¯q ), 139 – 40, 143, 195, 200, 209 – 10, 233, 244– 45
choice between alternatives ( ikhtiya¯r ), 11 – 12, 124–25, 127, 129 –32, 139 – 43, 150, 153, 160, 173, 184– 85, 192– 93, 217 – 19, 231, 234, 263 creation, ( see also world) ex nihilo , 118 – 19, 261 of human acts. ( See power, kasb , and al-Ghaza¯lı¯) Columbus, Christopher, 3 conditions ( shuru ¯t. ) for God’s creation, 84, 222–36, 245 contingency, 30, 79, 84, 139 – 40, 143, 167 – 73, 194, 251 –52, 258, 272– 73 ( see also modalities) Cordoba, 80 Crusades, 46, 48, 301 n. 192, 307 n. 28 Damascus, xii, 15, 22, 25, 42– 49, 51, 63 – 64, 76 – 77, 239 Da¯nishmand, 42, 64– 65, 71 al-Dargazinı¯, 86 Dawlatsha¯h Samarqandı¯, 73 – 74 Daylam, 36, 40 de Boer, Tjitze J., 4, 6 demonstration ( burha¯n ), 29, 70 – 71, 73, 99 – 100, 107, 112– 13, 115– 16, 120 –22, 176, 205, 232, 268, 278, 319 n. 20
ge ner a l inde x
3 9 7 determination, 30, 80, 91, 130 –31, 137 –39, 143, 187 – 94, 219 –20, 234, 239, 241, 259 – 60, 273, 277 – 79, 286 ( see also predestination and God, the foreknowledge of ) al-Dhahabı¯, 22, 26, 64 dhawk (“tasting, direct experience”), 41, 197, 254, 351 n. 50 dhikr (“mystical practice”), 67 al-Dimashqı¯, Abu¯ l-Baraka¯t Nas.r, 314 n. 167
D.iya¯ 7al-Mulk ibn Niz.a¯m al-Mulk, 51, 57 Dunya¯, Sulayma¯n, 14– 15 Dutton, Blake, 165 Egypt / Egyptians, 3, 14– 15, 20, 59, 63 – 64, 81 Elburz Mountains, 36 evil, harm, 90 – 91, 93, 188, 229 –31, 245, 281 experience, experimentation ( tajriba ), 68, 205–211 ( see also dhawq ) falsafa , fala¯sifa. ( see Aristotelianism, Avicenna, and al-Fa¯ra¯bı¯) fa¯ ¶il (“effi cient cause, maker”), 12, 79, 83, 132–37, 141, 144– 47, 150 –53, 160, 169, 172, 181 – 85, 217, 221, 232, 235, 240 – 41, 244, 247, 261, 277, 279 Fakhr al-Mulk ibn Niz.a¯m al-Mulk, xiii, 53 –55, 57 al-Fa¯ra¯bı¯, 35, 98, 145– 46, 155, 167, 169, 180, 199, 218, 242, 247, 252–53, 256, 258 – 60, 264– 66, 271, 279, 283 the cosmology of, 136 –37 on future contingencies, 139 – 41 al-Fa¯ramadhı¯, Abu¯ ¶Alı¯, 9, 26, 52 Fa¯t.imids, 36, 40, 260, 282 fatwa¯ (“legal opinion”), 49 –50, 55, 67, 101 –3, 106, 276 al-Fayyu¯mı¯, 59 Fès, 64 fi qh , 27 –29, 34, 48, 72– 74, 77, 81 Frank, Richard M., 8, 10 – 11, 105, 128, 132, 180 – 82, 202, 212, 221, 233 –34, 242, 245, 255, 259, 266, 271, 275, 284 furu
law”), 48, 75– 76 Gabriel (archangel), 256 Gairdner, W. H. T., 9, 180, 283 Galilei, Galileo, 3 Garden, Kenneth, 304 n. 244 Gavison, Abraham, 19 al-Ghaza¯lı¯, passim and politics, 38 – 40, 44, 85, 102– 4, 114– 15
date of birth of, 23 –25 life of, 25–59 name of, 22 on the creation of human acts, 216 –21, 276 – 76 on ethics, 48, 73, 92– 93, 193, 215, 285– 86 on logics, 7, 35, 116, 212– 13, 272 on miracles, 156 –57, 173, 176, 182– 83, 185, 194–201, 258, 282 on prophecy, 67 – 70, 100 – 1, 114, 194–201, 226, 244 on the human soul, 7, 42, 66 – 71, 93, 98, 101, 224, 269 – 71, 283, 285– 86 pseudo-epigrahic works of, 13 – 14 works of. See separate index Ghazna (in Afghanistan), 72 Ghosheh, Muhammad, 301 n. 193 Gimaret, Daniel, 128, 132 Glassen, Erika, 37 God
attributes of, 103, 114, 130, 170, 189 – 92, 219 –20, 230 –32, 234, 247, 250, 258, 263, 276, 284 foreknowledge of, 139 – 43, 187 – 94, 218 – 19, 234, 270 proofs for the existence of, 77 – 80, 83 – 84, 135, 144, 170 – 71, 220 –21, 251 –52, 282. Goodman, Lenn E., 159 Goldziher, Ignaz, 4–5, 254, 355 Gramlich, Richard, 62, 225, 290 n. 46, 318 n. 9, 353 n. 91 Granada, 81 Gurgan, 27 –28 habit ( ¶a¯da , sunna ), 69, 127, 130, 149, 154–57, 160, 162, 173 – 76, 179, 181, 185– 87, 193 – 95, 198, 201 – 7, 221, 228, 243, 257 –58, 270 – 71, 276 – 77 .hadı¯th , .hadı¯th -studies, 56 –57, 68, 70 – 71, 73, 104, 106 – 8, 115, 148, 188, 205, 220, 230, 237, 246, 266 – 68
3 9 8 ge ner a l inde x
.hads (“intellectual intuition”), 68 ( see also ilha¯m)
H . a¯fi z., H . amza, 15 H . a¯jjı¯ Khalı¯fa Ka¯tib Cˇelebı¯, 13, 306 n. 7 Hamadan, 36, 72, 81, 85 .haqı¯qa (“truth of the matter, essence”), 53, 66 – 68, 107, 264 al-.haqq (“that what is due”), 225, 228, 233 Ha¯ru¯n al-Rashı¯d, 59, 239 Ha¯ru¯niyya (monument in T.u¯s), 58 –59, 305 n. 261 al-H . a¯rith al-Muh.a¯sibı¯, 40, 67 H . asan ibn al-S.abba¯h., 40 Hebron, xii, 8, 24–25, 42, 44, 47 – 49 Hegel, G. W., 11 Herat (in Afghanistan), 29, 76, 94, 265 Hillenbrand, Carole, 37 Hourani, George F., 20, 35 Huma¯ 7ı¯, Jala¯l al-Dı¯n, 20 Ibn al- ¶Adı¯m, 28 Ibn ¶Arabı¯, Muh.yı¯ l-Dı¯n, 200, 314 n. 156 Ibn al- ¶Arabı¯, Abu¯ Bakr, 9, 20, 23, 38, 42– 43, 48, 62– 71, 77, 199 Ibn al- ¶Arabı¯, Abu¯ Muh.ammad, 63 – 64 Ibn ¶Asa¯kir, 21 –22, 45 Ibn al-Athı¯r, 22, 38, 44 Ibn Ba¯jja, 95, 249, 352 Ibn Fu¯rak, 128 Ibn Ghayla¯n al-Balkhı¯, 62, 116 – 120, 122, 199 Ibn al- ¶Ima¯d, 59 Ibn Jahı¯r, ¶Amı¯d al-Dawla, 64 Ibn al-Jawzı¯, 22–23, 32, 34, 38, 40, 44, 50, 71 – 72, 95, 282, 284 Ibn Jubayr, 41 Ibn Kathı¯r, 22, 38, 72 Ibn Khallika¯n, 22–23, 291 n. 11 Ibn Khaldu¯n, 4, 133 –34 Ibn al-Mala¯h.imı¯, 323 n. 51, 332 n. 130 Ibn al-Muqaffa ¶, 17, 87, 315 n. 168 Ibn Muz.affar, 64, 66 Ibn al-Najja¯r, 26 –28 Ibn Qası¯, 85 Ibn al-Razza¯q, Abu¯ Mans.u¯r, 297 n. 99 Ibn Rushd. See Averroes Ibn Rushd al-Jadd, 67 Ibn Sab ¶ı¯n, 200, 289 n. 35, Ibn al-S.affa¯r, Abu¯ Bakr, 76 Ibn al-S.ala¯h. al-Shahrazu¯rı¯, 46, 72, 76 – 77, 81, 132, 201, 250 Ibn al-Samh., Abu¯ ¶Alı¯, 352 n. 68 Ibn Sı¯na¯. See Avicenna Ibn Taymiyya, 4, 66, 200 – 1, 283, 314 n. 157 Ibn T.ufayl, 81, 90, 95, 180, 275, 284 Ibn Tu¯mart, 77 – 81, 83, 187, 190 – 91, 220 –21, 254 ilha¯m (“inspiration”), 101, 199 ( see also h.ads)
impossibility, 30, 79, 148, 154, 157 – 72, 178, 196, 218 – 19, 233 –34, 259 – 60, 268 – 71, 277, 282 ( see also modalities) intermediation, 10, 143 – 46, 151, 178, 180 – 82, 187, 255, 260, 262, 266, 274, 277 – 78 ( see also causality, secondary) Iraq, 39, 55, 62– 64, 77 al-Ira¯qı¯, 16 Irwin, Robert, 357 n. 4 Isfahan, 32, 34, 36 –38, 40, 74 al-Is.faha¯nı¯, ¶Ima¯d al-Dı¯n, 314 n. 161 Isfara 7in, 76 al-Isfara¯ 7ı¯nı¯ Abu¯ Ish.a¯q, 128, 188, 322 n. 15, 323 n. 50 Isma¯ 7ı¯lites, 32, 35–340, 53, 55, 66, 86, 102, 106, 113 – 14, 116, 121, 200, 260 – 64, 282, 284 al-Isnawı¯, 291 n. 11 Izutsu, Toshihiko, 86, 313 – 14 Janza ( also Ganja, in Azerbaijan), 75 Jeddah, 15 Jerusalem, xii, 42, 45– 47, 51, 63 jiha¯d (“holy war”, also “strong inner effort”), 48 –50, 302 n. 199 Junayd, 40 al-Juwaynı¯, Abu¯ l-Ma ¶a¯lı¯, xi–xii, 21, 27 –32, 34–35, 37, 42, 52, 57, 75, 77 – 79, 128 –34, 139 – 71, 189 – 91, 195, 198, 220, 284– 85 position in Ash ¶arite theology, 29 –31 on human actions, 128 –33 Juvaynı¯, ¶At.a¯ 7-Malik, 37, 297 n. 116, 298 n. 121, 310 n. 84, 311 n. 106 al-Ka ¶bı¯, 189, 191 kala¯m, mutakallimu
70 – 71, 78 – 79, 83 – 85, 99, 119, ge ner a l inde x
3 9 9 125–26, 132–34, 159, 167, 170, 172, 182, 188, 192, 201, 204, 212, 249 –50, 266 – 67, 275, 278, 285 ( see also Ash ¶arism and Mu ¶tazilism) karama¯t (“wonderous deeds of saints”), 69, 179, 198 kasb, iktisa¯b (“acquisition”), 199, 217 –219 ( see also power) al-Kiya¯ 7 al-Harra¯sı¯, xiii, 29, 57, 77, 134 al-Kha¯zinı¯, Abu¯ l-Fath., 239 kha¯nqa¯h (“Sufi convent”), 49 –51, 55, 73 – 74, 95 kha¯nqa¯h of Abu¯ Sa ¶d in Baghdad, 48, 64– 65 al-Khawa¯f ı¯, Ah.mad, 75 Khorasan, 20 –23, 27, 29, 39, 40 –59, 64, 72– 73, 76 – 77, 80, 90, 117, 239 al-Kirma¯nı¯, H . amı¯d al-Dı¯n, 261 – 63, 282 Krawulsky, Dorothea, 21, 56 Kukkonen, Taneli, 16 al-Kurdı¯, Muh.yı¯ al-Dı¯n S.abrı¯, 289 n. 37 al-kursı¯ (“the pedestal”), 356 n. 155, 357 n. 180 Landolt, Hermann, 86, 246, 260 Laoust, Henri, 61, 297 n. 120, 298, 299 n. 158
al-Lawkarı¯, 72 laws of nature, 12, 127, 173, 175– 76, 198, 201, 205, 225, 237, 243, 252–53, 256 –59, 274, 276 277, 280 Lazarus of Bethany, 195– 96 Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava, 9 – 10, 286 Leo Africanus, 19 madrasa (“seminary”), 4, 27, 295 n. 65 ( see also Niz.a¯miyya and za¯wiya ) Ta¯jiyya madrasa in Baghdad, 42 Bayhaqı¯ madrasa in Nishapur, 57 Mahdiyya (in Tunisia), 63 ma¯hiyya (“quiddity, essence”), 163, 168, 248, 252, 257, 279 Mah.mu¯d ibn Muh.ammad Tapar, 72, 86 Maimonides, 179, 249, 275, 321 –322, 352, 385 Majd al-Mulk, 39 Makdisi, George, 4, 295 n. 65 al-Makkı¯, Abu¯ T.a¯lib, 40, 48, 221, 226 –28, 278 al-Malik al-Mu ¶az.z.am al-Ayyu¯bı¯, 46 Maliksha¯h, xi–xii, 27, 32–33, 36 –38, 40 Marmura, Michael E., 10 – 11, 113, 147, 155, 181 – 83, 213, 240, 277 Marrakesh, 78 al-Mas ¶u¯dı¯, Sharaf al-Dı¯n, 61, 117 Mayhana, 72– 74 al-Ma¯zarı¯ al-Ima¯m, 200, 283, 303 n. 232, 316 n. 2, 339 n. 138 al-Ma¯zarı¯ al-Dhakı¯, 48 McGinnis, Jon, 136, 182, 210 Mecca, xii, 29, 41, 47 Medina, xii, 29, 47 Melissos, 249 Merw, 72, 76, 117 Miskawayh, 35, 48, 256, 283, 319 n. 12 modalities, epistemological character of, 30, 166 – 72, 203, 206, 276, 278 Mongols, 59, 77, Morocco, 77 – 78 motive to act ( da¯ ¶in , da¯ ¶iya ), 131 –32, 142– 43, 216 – 18, 220, 223, 232, 236, 242, 279 mover, movers celestial, 242, 247 – 48, 250 –53, 256, 279, 281 the unmoved, 251 –52, 262– 63, 266, 281, 284 Mu 7ayyad al-Mulk, 39 Mujı¯r al-Dı¯n, 39 – 40, 298 n. 121 Muh.ammad, the Prophet of Islam, 42, 49, 56, 70 – 71, 80, 91, 106 – 8, 112, 115, 193, 204, 208, 220 –21 Muh.ammad ibn Yah.ya¯ al-Janzı¯, 74– 77 Muh.ammad Tapar, xiii, 40, 51, 57, 73 – 74 86 Mulla¯ S.adra¯ Shı¯ra¯zı¯, 6, 293 n. 38 Munk, Solomon, 5, 147 al-Muqtadı¯, Caliph, xii, 36 –39 al-Murda¯r, Abu¯ Mu¯sa¯, 104 al-Murtad.a¯ al-Zabı¯dı¯, 16, 23, 59, 64, 191 musabbib al-asba¯b (“the one who makes the causes function as causes”), 132, 220 –21, 236 –37, Muslim Brotherhood, 16 al-Mustaz.hir, Caliph, xii, 64 al-mut.a¯ ¶ (“the obeyed one”), 252–53, 255–59, 262– 63, 268, 274, 280 – 81 ( see also al- ¶arsh , and Gabriel)
4 0 0 ge ner a l inde x
Mu ¶tazilism, Mu ¶taziltes, 6, 103 –5, 124–29, 133 –34, 139, 151, 170, 172– 73, 185, 188 – 89, 191, 193, 204, 220, 239 – 40, 246 – 47, 266, 284 Nabulus, 43 al-Nasaf ı¯, 262– 63, 282 al-Nawawı¯, Yah.ya¯, 22, 76, 81 necessity ( see also Modalities) by itself versus through something else, 30, 139 – 41, 155, 163, 169, 245, 251, 270 – 71, 276 of causal connections, 126, 135–37, 148 –50, 153, 172– 73, 178, 201 –204, 215, 257, 261, 279 – 80 of human actions, 218, 222, of empirical judgments, 176, 178, 206, 208 – 13, 212, 218 of God to act in a certain way, 11, 141 – 43, 158, 185, 225, 231 –34, 255, 261 – 63, 271 – 74, 281 of the judgments in logics, 116, 136, 167, 212– 13 Neoplatonism, 97, 133 –35, 199, 260, 282– 83 Nishapur, 21, 24–27, 29 –32, 48, 50 –51, 53 –58, 74– 77, 117, 128, 236, 239 Nı¯sha¯bu¯rı¯, Z.a¯hir al-Dı¯n, 298 n. 122 Niz.a¯m al-Mulk, xi–xii, 27 –30, 32, 34, 36 – 40, 51, 53, 64, 129 Niz.a¯mı¯ Ganjawı¯, 75, 94, 264– 65 Niz.a¯miyya madrasa, 27, 29, 51 in Baghdad, 8, 20, 24, 29, 31, 34, 40 – 42, 44, 48, 51, 57, 72– 74, 77, 80, 86, 97, 204 in Merw, 72, 117 in Nishapur, 24–27, 29 –32, 48, 51, 53 –58, 75 – 77, 117, 236 Niz.a¯miyya (political party), 36 – 40, 299 n. 139
nominalism, 71, 97, 163, 166, 176 – 77, 205, 211, 285 Obermann, Julian, 160 – 62 occasionalism, 10, 122, 124–28, 132, 149, 153 –56, 180 – 83, 186 – 87, 284– 85 orthodoxy, 5 – 6, 9, 103, 105 – 9, 111 Oˇguz Turks ( ghuzz ), 4, 56, 76, 95 Parmenides, 249 Pharao, 107, 247 – 48, 327 n. 3 Philoponus, John (Yah.ya¯ l-Nah.wı¯), 164, 352 n. 68 Pines, Shlomo, 6 Plato, 99, 121, 243, 257 ( see also Neoplatonism) power of God, 10, 124–5, 127, 140 – 41, 148 – 49, 153 –56, 157 –58, 160, 162– 63, 167, 172, 176, 178 – 79, 191 – 92, 223 –24, 232–34, 241, 247, 255, 270 – 71, 280, 285– 86
of humans to act, 128 –33, 217 – 19. 224, 276 – 77, 285 ordained versus absolute, 155 ( see also necessity, by itself versus through something else) the things’ active and passive, 136, 182, 208 – 9, 211, 277 predestination, 12, 91, 137 – 43, 188 – 90, 192– 93, 220, 222, 227, 237, 240 – 41, 258, 270, 280 ( see also determination and God, foreknowledge of ) primum mobile ( falak al-afl a¯k ), 12, 137, 251, 263, 281, 284 providence, divine ( ¶ina¯ya ), 142, 226, 229, 245 Ptolemy, 12, 136, 251, 263 Pythagoras, 200, 250 Qazwin, 76 qiya¯s (“syllogism,” also “legal analogy”), 5, 7, 68, 99 – 100, 116, 120, 206 – 13, 279 Quhistan (Province in Iran), 40 Qur’an, 73, 75, 78, 99, 100, 102, 104, 106 – 8, 111 – 13, 155– 16, 118 –20, 123 –24, 129, 146, 148, 188, 193 –200, 204– 05, 217, 220, 237, 246, 248, 254, 256 –57, 261 – 63, 266 – 71, 274, 281, 282, 284 ( see also the separate index of verses in the Qur’an) al-Qushayrı¯, Abu ¯ l-Qa¯sim, xi, 21, 67, 75, 90 Qut.t.a¯ al- ¶Adawı¯, ¶Abd al-Rah.ma¯n, 16 al-Ra¯dhaka¯nı¯, Ah.mad, 27 –29 al-Ra¯dhaka¯nı¯, Abu¯ Sa ¶d ¶Abd al-Malik, 27 –29
ge ner a l inde x
4 0 1 al-Ra¯fi ¶ı¯, Abu¯ l-Qa¯sim, 76 al-Ra¯ghib al-Is.faha¯nı¯, 48, 283 Rahman, Sayeed, 318 n. 9 Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n T.abı¯b, 33, 37, 53, 298 n. 122
Ra¯wandı¯, Muh.ammad ibn ¶Alı¯, 298 n. 122
al-Ra¯zı¯, Abu¯ Bakr, 117 al-Ra¯zı¯, Fakhr al-Dı¯n 6, 59, 75– 76, 116 –20, 122, 131 –32, 321 n. 64, 336 n. 88, 338, n. 125, 343 n. 3. 344 n. 22 realism, epistemological, 161, 177 Renan, Ernest, 5, 61 Roscelin, 177 Rudolph, Ulrich, 149, 155, 158 –59 Ru¯mı¯, Jala¯l al-Dı¯n, 264 al-Sa¯ ¶a¯tı¯, Muh.ammad, 239 Sabra, Abdelhamid, 6 Sabzawar, 20 al-S.afadı¯, 22 Safi , Omid, 298 S.ala¯h al-Dı¯n (Saladin), 46 al-Sa¯mirı¯ (“the Samaritan”), 197 al-Sam ¶a¯nı¯, Abu¯ Sa ¶d, 21 –22, 26, 28, 75, 86 al-Sam ¶a¯nı¯, Abu¯ l-Muz.affar, 72 Samarqand, 117 Sanjar, xiii, 23 –25, 28, 30, 32, 35, 39 – 40, 50, 53 –57, 59, 73 – 74, 76, 86, 90, 94– 95, 239 al-S.ayrafı¯, Abu¯ l-H.asan, 77 al-Sayyid, Rid.wa¯n, 87 seclusion ( ¶uzla ), 24, 42, 50 –51, 53, 67, 95 Seville, 63 – 65 Sha¯fi ¶ism, 23, 25, 27, 34, 43, 52, 57, 61, 72– 77, 104 al-Shahrasta¯nı¯, 72, 77, 132, 250, 310 n. 92, Shari’a, 48, 93, 129, 236 ( see also fi qh ) al-Sha¯shı¯, Abu¯ Bakr, 77 al-Sha¯t.ibı¯, 81 shawka (“political and military power”), 39
al-Shiblı¯, 40 Shiha¯b al-Isla¯m ¶Abd al-Razza¯q, 28 al-Shı¯ra¯zı¯, Abu¯ Ish.a¯q, 295 n. 69, 307 n. 34
al-Shı¯ra¯zı¯, Abu¯ Muh.ammad al-Fa¯mı¯, 297 n. 100
Sibt. ibn al-Jawzı¯, 22 al-Sijista¯nı¯, Abu¯ Ya ¶qu¯b, 260 – 63, 282 al-Simna¯nı¯, al-Kama¯l, 75 Smith, Gerard, 259 spheres ( afl a¯k or kura¯t ), 10, 12, 79, 84– 85, 101, 105, 123, 135– 41, 145– 46, 151, 171, 180, 184, 200, 230, 237, 240, 242– 44, 247 –53, 256 –57, 262– 63, 266, 268 – 69, 274, 279 – 84, 286 al-Subkı¯, Ta¯j al-Dı¯n, 13, 21, 23, 26 –28, 45, 64, 71 – 72 substance ( jawhar ), 68, 70 – 71, 93, 101, 125–27, 139, 148, 159, 166, 178, 223 –24, 248, 250, 269, 285 al-Suhrawardı¯, Shiha¯b al-Din ¶Umar, 16 al-Suhrawardı¯, Shiha¯b al-Din Yah.ya¯ “al-Maqtu¯l,” 6, 95 al-Suyu¯t.ı¯, Jala¯l al-Dı¯n, 81, 356 n. 155 Su¯s Valley (in Morocco), 77 Syria, 21, 40, 42– 43, 45, 48, 51, 63 – 65, 75 al-T.abarı¯, Abu¯ ¶Abdalla¯h, 297 n. 100 Ta¯j al-Mulk, 36 –38 takhs.ı¯s. (“particularization”), 170 tarjı¯.h (“preponderance”), 170 al-Tawh.ı¯dı¯, Abu¯ H.ayya¯n, 200, 359 n. 31 ta ¶lı¯q, or ta ¶lı¯qa (“notes”), 28, 32, 72, 112, 297 n. 93 Terken Kha¯tu¯n, xii, 36 –38 Thales, 250 T.ı¯ba¯wı¯, ¶Abd al-Lat.ı¯f, 43 Tlemcen, 64 transliteration, rules of, 16 – 17 Transoxania, 61, 117 Treiger, Alexander, 255, 294 n. 51 Toghril-Bey, xi, 29 Tunis, 64, 78 al-T.urt.u¯shı¯, 63 – 64, 66, 199 –200 T.u¯s (district in Iran containing the towns or villages:) Fa¯ramadh, 303 n. 223 Nu¯qa¯n, 25 Ra¯dhaka¯n, 27 Sana¯ba¯dh / Meshed, 25, 302 n. 208, 305 n. 261 T.a¯bara¯n, xi, xiii, 22–23, 25, 27, 49, 51 –53, 55–59, 76, 117, 236 Turu¯q, 304 n. 242 al-T.u¯sı¯, Nas.ı¯r al-Dı¯n, 6 al-T.u¯sı¯, Abu¯ Mans.u¯r Muh.ammad, 311 n. 94
4 0 2 ge ner a l inde x
al-T.u¯sı¯, Abu¯ l-Fath. Muh.ammad, 311 n. 94 Tyros, 47 al- ¶Ulaymı¯, Mujı¯r al-Dı¯n, 45– 47 volition ( ira¯da ), 129, 182, 184, 190, 216 –220, 223 –25, 227, 232–33, 279 al-Wa¯h.idı¯, Abu¯ l-H.asan, 75 al-Wa¯sit.ı¯, Abu¯ ¶Abdalla¯h, 23, 71, 293 n. 36, 304 n. 249 waterclock ( s.andu¯q al-sa ¶a¯t ), 13, 80, 236 – 43, 245, 257 –59 Watt, William M., 5, 9 Weinberg, Steven, 289 n. 32, 357 n. 4 Wensinck, Arent J., 9, 257, 283 William of Ockham, 177 Wisnovsky, Robert, 133 –34 Wolff, Christian, 123 world, worlds best of all possible, 70, 201, 225– 43, 273, 280 – 81 eternity of, 5, 30, 78, 83, 85– 86, 101 – 04, 117 –22, 164– 65, 189 – 90, 270 – 71, 280 temporary creation of, 5, 30, 78, 83, 117 – 19, 126, 184–5, 258, 280 al-Ya¯fi ¶ı¯, 293 n. 36 Ya¯qu¯t, 22, 23, 291 n. 11, 293 n. 27 Yu¯suf ibn Ta¯shif ı¯n, 63 – 64 za¯ 7id
essence”), 142, 191, 272, 234, 276 zandaqa (“clandestine apostasy”), 103 –5, 108 – 9, 111, 151 Zarrı¯nku¯b, ¶Abd-H . usayn, 49 za¯wiya (“small, private madrasa”), 44– 46, 49 –51, 53, 55, 57, 75 Zedler, Beatrice H., 259
Index of Works by al-Ghaza¯lı¯ al-Arba ¶ı¯n fı¯ us.u¯l al-dı¯n / Book of
al-Bası¯t. fı¯ l-furu¯ ¶ fı¯ madhhab al- Sha¯fi ¶ı¯ / The Extended One , 34, 75
Bida¯yat al-hida¯ya / Beginning of Guidance , 43 – 44 Fad.a¯ 7i.h al-ba¯t.iniyya / The Scandals of the Esoterics , 35, 83, 102, 262, 297 n. 113, Fays.al al-tafriqa bayna l-Isla¯m
119, 248, 256, 264, 267 Hujjat al-.haqq fı¯-l radd ¶ala¯ l-
I.hya¯ 7 ¶ulu¯m al-dı¯n / Revival of the Religious Sciences , 13, 15– 16, 23, 26, 44– 45, 48 – 49, 56, 62, 64, 67, 71, 78, 80 – 81, 84– 85, 92– 93, 102, 105– 7, 114, 121, 146, 151, 179, 180 – 81, 184, 186, 190 – 99, 204–5, 215–37, 239 – 45, 254, 264, 269, 278, 283, 285– 86 Ilja¯m al- ¶awa¯mm ¶an ¶ilm al-kala¯m /
277
al-Imla¯ 7 fı¯ ishka¯la¯t al-I.hya¯ 7 / The Dictation on Diffi cult Passages in the Revival , 16, 227, 230 – 33, 347 n. 64 al-Iqtis.a¯d fı¯ l-i ¶tiqa¯d / The Balanced
79, 83, 102, 154–55, 170, 179 – 82, 192, 202– 4, 218, 226, 234, 271 – 72, 285, 288 Jawa¯hir al-Qur 7a¯n / Jewels of the
Kı¯mya¯-yi sa ¶a¯dat / Alchemy of Happiness , 93 al-Luba¯b min al-I.hya¯ 7 / The Kernels of the Revival 62 al-Ma ¶a¯ rif al- ¶aqliyya / Intellectual Insights , 221 (?) Ma ¶a¯rij al-quds fı¯ mada¯rij ma ¶rifat al-nafs = The Stairs of Jerusalem 4 0 4 inde x of wor k s by a l - gh a z a ¯ l ı ¯
the Soul , 45, 280, 289 n. 35, 314 n. 156, 338 n. 117, 339 n. 140, 353 n. 101 (?) al-Mad.nu¯n bihi ¶ala¯ ghayr
al-Mankhu ¯l min ta ¶lı¯qa¯t al-us.u¯l / The Sifted among the Notes on the Methods of Jurisprudence , 32 Maqa¯s.id al-fala¯sifa / The Intentions of the Philosophers , 39, 66, 98, 143, 144 al-Maqs.ad al-asna¯ fi shar.h ma ¶a¯nı¯ asma¯ 7
264, 269 Mi.hakk al-naz.ar fı¯ l-mant.iq / Touchstone
205– 07, 212, 243, 269 Mishka¯t al-anwa¯r / Niche of Lights , 9, 13, 54, 62, 83, 85– 86, 113, 180 – 81, 245–260, 262, 264, 266, 274, 281, 284, 286 Mi ¶ya¯r al- ¶ilm fı¯
205, 271 – 72 Mı¯za¯n al- ¶amal / Scale of Action , 26, 264, 280, 359 n. 45 MS London, British Library, Or. 3126 , 143 – 46, 226, 251, 272, 282, 308 n. 56, 313 n. 141 – 43, 316, 319 n. 12, 326 –27, 338 n. 117, 346, 352 n. 76, 353 n. 93, 357, 364 al-Munqidh min al-d.ala¯l / Deliverer from Error , 7 – 9, 14, 19 –21, 23 –25, 29, 35, 40 – 43, 45, 49 –53, 57, 75, 83, 97, 100 – 1, 120, 144, 157, 184, 195– 98, 200, 208, 282, 285 al-Mustasfa¯ min ¶ilm al-us.u¯l / The Choice
(?) Nafkh al-Ru ¯ .h wa-l-l-taswiya / Breathing of the Spirit and the Shaping , 14, 70 Nas.ı¯.hat al-mulu¯k / Council for Kings , 39, 55, 93, 298 al-Qa¯nu ¯n al-kullı¯ fı¯ l-ta 7wı¯l / The Universal Rule in Interpreting Revelation , 70 Qawa¯s.im al-ba¯t.iniyya. / Weak Positions of the Esoterics , 35 al-Qist.a¯s al-mustaqı¯m / The Straight Balance , 36, 116, 120
Intimate Knowledge , 14 al-Risa¯la al-Qudsiyya / Letter for Jerusalem , 45, 191 Shifa¯ 7 al-ghalı¯l fı¯ baya¯n al-shubah wa-l-mukhı¯l wa-masa¯lik al-ta ¶lı¯l / The Quenching of Thirst in Explaining Diffi cult Questions , 39, 296 n. 92 Taha¯fut al-fala¯sifa / The Incoherence
19 –20, 35–36, 66, 83, 86, 97 – 103, 101, 106, 115– 16, 119, 122–23, 144, 147 – 73, 175– 79, 181 – 87, 194– 98, 203, 205– 07, 213, 222, 225, 234, 258, 262, 266 272, 275– 76 (?) Tuhfat al-mulu
al-Wajı¯z fı¯ fi qh madhhab al-Ima¯m al-Sha¯fi ¶ı¯ / The Succinct One , 75– 76 al-Wası¯t. fı¯ l-madhhab / The Middle One , 34, 75– 76
Index of Manuscripts Ankara, Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakültesi Kütüphanesi I
smail Saib 1544, 292 n. 15 Beirut, Jafet Library of the American University no. 172.2:G4ltbA, 366 no. 297.3: G41 iA, 307 n. 22, 364 Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz—Orientabteilung Petermann II 8 (Ahlwardt 10070.2), 304 n. 256, 306, n. 5, 315 n. 171 – 73, 364 Petermann II 35 (Ahlwardt 1721), 363, 364 Petermann II 545 (Ahlwardt 1714), 347 – 48 Petermann II 690 (Ahlwardt 2301), 356 –57, 364 Wetzstein 99 (Ahlwardt 1708), 306 n. 7 Wetzstein II 19 (Ahlwardt 1680), 290 n. 46 Wetzstein II 1806 (Ahlwardt 2075), 290 n. 38, 315 n. 168, 320 n. 40 Wetzstein II 1807 (Ahlwardt 1707), 306, n. 7 Sprenger 763 (Ahlwardt 1715), 349 n. 1 Sprenger 941 (Ahlwardt 1716), 349 n. 1 Sprenger 1968 (Ahlwardt 3210, 3976), 362, 364 Bursa (Turkey) Hüseyin Çelebi 823, 369 Cairo, Da¯r al-Kutub al-Mis.riyya maja¯mi ¶ 180, 309 n. 66 taw.hı¯d 295, 382 Damascus, Maktabat al-Asad al-Wat.aniyya, Z.a¯hiriyya Collection nos. 2111 – 14, 365 no. 6469, 290 n. 39 no. 6595, 290 n. 39 Dublin, Chester Beatty Library
no. 3372, 289 n. 34 Edinburgh, University Library Arab 20, 33, 37, 53 Escurial Collection, Madrid no. 1130, 290 n. 38, 296 n. 88, 363, 364 Istanbul, Nuruosmaniye Kütüphanesi 4894, 326 n. 97, 379
Istanbul, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi Hamidiye 1452, 289 n. 34, 386 ¸ Sehit Ali Pa¸ S a 1712, 290 n. 38, 318 n. 58, 356 n. 140, 356 n.143, 362, 363, 367 Istanbul, Topkapı Serayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi Ahmet III 1099, 361 Ahmet III 1916, 367 London, British Library Or. 3102, 365 Or. 3126. See index of works by al-Ghaza¯lı¯ Or. 6810, 94 Or. 7721, 367 Or. 11837, 82 Munich, Bayrische Staatsbibliothek no. 855, 364 New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Gift of Alexander Smith Cochran, 13.228.3, 265 Oxford, Bodleien Library Pococke 400, 88, 89 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale fonds arabe 1331, 293 n. 39 5639 (Fonds Archinard), 309 n. 61 Patna (India), Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library (Bankipore) no. 1825, 314 n. 167 Princeton, University Library Yahuda 364, 368 Yahuda 459, 362 Yahuda 838, 306 n. 7 Yahuda 3714, 306 n. 7 Yahuda 3893, 349 n. 1 Yahuda 4358, 366 Yahuda 4374, 349 n. 1 Rabat, Bibliothèque Générale 1275 ka¯f , 307, n. 19 Rome, Vatican, Bibliotheca Apostolica Ebr. 426, 340 – 43, 364 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek no. 1656, 290 n. 46 Yale University, Beinecke Rare Books and Manuscripts Library
Arab suppl. 425, 349 n. 1 Landberg 98, 314 n. 167 Landberg 318, 305 n. 263 Landberg 428, 347 – 49, 362 Salisbury 38, 306, n. 7 4 0 6
inde x of m a nusc r ip t s Index of Verses in the Qur’an 2:7, 124 2:23, 195 2:81, 217 2:134, 217 2:235, 237 2:255, 123 3:7, 83 3:39, 195 3:47, 124 3:52, 124 3:39, 124 3:133, 104 4:11 – 12, 123 4:93, 108 4:113, 124 5:38, 217 5:110, 195, 196 6:2, 188 6:18, 268 6:73, 124, 252 6:75– 79, 248 –54, 352 n. 71
6:135, 344 n. 26 7:34, 188 7:54, 123, 268 9:129, 123 10:3, 268 10:38, 195 10:61, 190 11:3, 188 11:6, 188 12:76, 112 13:2, 256 13:26, 188 14:10, 188 15:16, 124 15:26, 124 15:29, 70 15:26, 124 16:50, 268 16:61, 188 17:36, 274 20:9 –36, 113
20:12, 85, 113
20:24, 107 20:43, 107 21:30, 124 21:33, 123 21:68, 157 23:12, 124 26:23, 247 28:88, 254 29:24, 157 30:30, 198 32:9, 70 33:62, 198, 270, 277 35:42, 198, 270, 277 35:43, 257 36:40, 123 37:06, 124 37:97, 157
38:72, 70, 200 39:42, 188 40:7, 123 41:9, 124 41:12, 123 48:6, 108 48:23, 198, 270, 277 54:1, 148 55:14, 124 55:15 124 55:19 –20, 124 58:14, 108 64:1, 124 65:12, 124 66:8, 124 67:3, 123 71:16, 123 78:13, 123 81:19 –21, 256 85:16, 221 89:16, 188 89:22, 123 112:1 – 4, 206 4 0 8
inde x of v er s e s in t h e q ur’ a n Document Outline
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