Alisher navoiy asarlari badiiyatini ingliz tilida qayta yaratish muammolari
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alisher navoiy asarlari badiiyatini ingliz tilida qayta yaratish muammolari
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33 CHAPTER II. NAVOI’S WORKS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN WORLD LITERATURE 1. Navoi-Chaucer of the Turkic people During the 15th century, Mir Ali Shir (1441-1501) was the major literary figure among the Central Asian Turkic peoples, the ancestors of today‘s Uzbeks. His life, work and legacy will be the focus of a symposium to be held at the Library of Congress from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Tuesday, March 27, in Room LJ-119, located on the first floor of the Thomas Jefferson Building, 10 First Street S.E., Washington, D.C. e symposium is free and open to the public 36 . Writing under the pen name Navoi, Mir Ali Shir was the author of more than 30 books, written mostly in Chagatay, also known as Old Uzbek. He also wrote in Persian and Arabic. As a major patron of the arts, Navoi supported visual artists, calligraphers, authors and architects. When not involved in artistic and literary pursuits, he served as an important government official for his friend Sultan Husayn Bayqarah, ruler of Herat in Afghanistan. Scholars from Uzbekistan, Europe and the United States participated in the symposium with presentations about Navoi‘s life and work and the society in which he lived. The Near East Section of the Library‘s African and Middle Eastern Division holds Navoi‘s works in their many editions in Uzbek, Persian and Arabic. It also holds scholarly works about Navoi and the significance of his work. Selected items will be on display during the symposium in Room LJ-113. The African and Middle Eastern Division was established in 1978 as part of a reorganization that combined at that time with the help of people who knew foreign languages so well. Then the sections helped to reach those aims in order to translate all of these works. At that period of time, Middle Eastern Division consisted of sections such as the Near East Section, the African Section and the 36 Erkinov, A. (1998). "The Perception of Works by Classical Authors in the 18th and 19th centuries Central Asia: The Example of the Xamsa of Ali Shir Nawa`i". In Kemper, Michael; Frank, Allen. Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries. Berlin. pp. 517. 34 Hebraic Section. Together they cover some 78 countries and regions from Southern Africa to the Maghreb and from the Middle East to Central Asia. In 1469, Navoi became the custodian of the royal seal during the reign of Sultan Husein Bayqara, ruler of Khorasan, who had been his fellow student at the madrasa. In 1472 he was appointed a vizier and received the title of emir. He was the patron of scholars, artists, musicians, poets, and calligraphers. Navoi also supervised the construction of a madrasa, a hospital, and bridges. A confirmed humanist and opponent of medieval despotism and tyranny, Navoi exposed the abuses of the nobles and the self-interest of bribe-takers. He defended the people before the sultan and decided cases in favor of those who had been unjustly treated. Navoi‘s progressive views caused displeasure at court. In 1487, Navoi was sent to the remote province of Asterabad as its ruler. The failure of his hopes for the country‘s political reconstruction and the establishment of peace in a state racked by the Timurids‘ internal wars forced him to resign his position. After his return to Herat in 1488, Navoi devoted the rest of his life to literature. Navoi‘s literary legacy is great and multifaceted. It includes about 30 poetry collections, long narrative poems, prose works, and scholarly treatises, which provide a comprehensive picture of the intellectual life of 15th-century Middle Asia. He made use of the age-old literary traditions of the peoples of Middle Asia and the Near East. Navoi‘s Treasury of Thoughts is a miscellany of verse collected and arranged in chronological order by the poet himself in 1498 and 1499 into four divans (collections) corresponding to the four stages of Navoi‘s age: The Wonders of Childhood, Youth‘s Curiosities, The Wonders of Middle Age, and Exhortations of Old Age. This collection contains verse written in different lyric genres, especially the ghazal (more than 2,600). The ghazal was Navoi‘s favorite genre, 35 and his verses possess an astonishing internal unity. He also wrote Divan Fani, a collection of verses in Persian. The apex of Navoi‘s work is his famous Quintuplet, the subject of which was suggested by Jami. His Quintuplet comprises five poems: The Confusion of the Righteous (1483), Leyla and Mejnun (1484), Farhad and Shirin (written in 1484), Seven Planets (1484), and Iskander‘s Wall (1485). In accordance with Eastern literary tradition, Navoi‘s Quintuplet was a response (nazirah) to the Quintuplets of Nezami and the Indo-Iranian poet Amir Khusrau, who wrote in Persian. Although he made use of the story lines contained in their works and adopted certain formal features, Navoi gave a completely different ideological and literary interpretation of the subjects and story situations and treated the characters and events in a new way 37 . The first poem of the five-part cycle, The Confusion of the Righteous, consists of 64 chapters and is philosophical and publicistic in tone. It sheds light on the most essential questions of Navoi‘s time. In this poem, he severely condemns the feudal internal wars, the cruelty of the nobles, the tyranny of the begs, and the hypocrisy and bigotry of the Muslim sheikhs and jurists. At the same time, he affirms the ideal of justice. The poem sets forth the principal features of Navoi‘s world outlook, as well as his views on ethics and aesthetics. Leyla and Mejnun is a poetic treatment of the ancient Arabic legend about the tragic love of the young Qays for the beautiful Leyla. The humanistic enthusiasm, the emotional tension of the conflict, and the powerful effect on the reader were responsible for the poem‘s enormous influence on many Eastern literatures and Uzbek folklore. 37 Nemati Limai, Amir (2015), Analysis of the Political life of Amir Alishir Navai and Exploring his Cultural, Scientific, Social and Economic Works, Tehran & Mashhad: MFA(Cire)& Ferdowsi University,p56-59 36 Färhad and Shirin is a romantic-heroic poem about the love of the hero Färhad for the Armenian beauty Shirin, who is claimed by the Iranian sheikh Khosrow. Navoi‘s poem is distinguished from previous works on this theme: the main character in Navoi‘s work is not Sheikh Khosrow but rather Färhad, the champion of truth and justice, whose heroic deeds are contrasted with the sheikh‘s cowardice. Färhad became a household word that represented the social and aesthetic ideals of the people. In Färhad and Shirin, Navoi made use of devices from folk poetry and the folk heroic epos. Seven Planets, the fourth poem of the cycle, consists of seven fantastic stories united by a common framework. The poem contains allegorical allusions that criticize Navoi‘s milieu and the rulers of his time—the Timurids, Sultan Husein himself, and his courtiers. Iskander‘s Wall is the concluding poem of the cycle. Its hero is the ideal just ruler, the highly moral sage Iskander. Navoi‘s A Quintuplet of Confused Men (1492) is devoted to Jami. Navoi wrote works that are important for the study of Uzbek and Persian-Tadzhik literature and their mutual influence. Such works include the anthology A Gathering of Refined Men (1491–92), which contains brief descriptions of the writers of his era, and The History of the Persian Emperors and The History of Prophets and Sages, which deal with the legendary and historical figures of Middle Asia and Persia and with Zoroastrian and Koranic mythology. Important questions of the theory of literature, especially of versification, are elucidated in Navoi‘s treatise The Balance of Meters 38 . At the end of his life, Navoi wrote the allegorical poem The Language of the Birds (1499) and the philosophical and didactic work Beloved of Hearts (1500), which deals with the ideal human society. The works of Yusuf Balasaghuni and Gulistan (English translation, The Rose Garden) by Saadi are known to have 38 Erkinov, A. (1998). "The Perception of Works by Classical Authors in the 18th and 19th centuries Central Asia: The Example of the Xamsa of Ali Shir Nawa`i". In Kemper, Michael; Frank, Allen. Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries. Berlin. pp. 520 37 influenced Navoi‘s Beloved of Hearts. The principal ideas of the book are the condemnation of cruel, ignorant, and depraved emperors and the attempt to establish the stable, centralized authority of a just ruler at the head of a prosperous country. This was Navoi‘s dream throughout his entire life. Although he was tragically aware of the impossibility of realizing his political ideals, he nevertheless believed in the final victory of this idealistic principle. The optimism and life-affirming strength of his works flowed from this belief. Literary scholars of Navoi‘s time considered the Turki language too coarse for poetry. In his treatise A Debate Between Two Languages (1499), Navoi theoretically substantiates the cultural and literary significance of the Old Uzbek language, which was called Turki. He influenced the development of Uzbek literature as well as the literatures of the Uighur, Turkmen, Azerbaijani, Turkish, Tatar, and other Turkic-speaking peoples. 39 Navoi‘s world view and creative work are not devoid of ideological contradictions and social illusions. But the strength of Navoi‘s works lies in his humanism and democratic tendencies and in his affirmation of man‘s dignity and his right to happiness. Navoi‘s works had great significance for the development of tendencies of progressive romanticism in Eastern literatures. When I was two or three years old, before going to bed my Granny always read me the same strange poem, which I hardly understood, but which I unwittingly repeat now before falling asleep. The greatest of Uzbek poets (our Shakespeare) Alisher Navoi of the 15th century said in his memoirs that before starting to write poetry he had learnt by heart 100,000 lines of classic poetry. And it's neither exaggeration, nor his imagination. There's an anecdote about that epoch, showing that everyone at that time was a poet. Alisher Navoi was playing chess with another poet called Binai and while 39 Erkinov, A. (1998). "The Perception of Works by Classical Authors in the 18th and 19th centuries Central Asia: The Example of the Xamsa of Ali Shir Nawa`i". In Kemper, Michael; Frank, Allen. Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries. Berlin. pp. 513–526. 38 stretching his leg touched the bum of his adversary. He joked: 'In Herat wherever you stretch your leg you are doomed to touch the bum of a poet!' Binai quickly replied: 'Even if you pull your leg back it's still the bum of a poet!' But poetry lives everywhere, in every society, in every corner of the world. An internationally diverse group of scholars from Uzbekistan, Europe and the United States recently participated in a Library of Congress symposium about the life and work of Mir Ali Shir Navoi (1441-1501), a major literary figure among the Central Asian Turkic people, the ancestor of today's Uzbeks. The cover of a divan (collection of poems) written by the last Timurid ruler, Sultan Husayn Mirza (1438-1506), a sponsor of the poet Mir Ali Shir Navoi. Navoi also wrote in Persian and Arabic. As a major patron of the arts, Navoi supported visual artists, calligraphers, authors and architects. One of the most important individuals supported by Mir Ali Shir was the Persian poet Abd al- Rahman Jami, his spiritual teacher, who introduced him into the Naqshbandi order of dervishes. 40 Navoi's literary output encompasses the broad fields of both prose and poetry. He composed in prose, among other works, a history of Muslim mystics and a comparison of Chagatay and Persian as literary languages. He produced three collections of lyric poetry in Chagatay and a fourth in Persian. Additionally he wrote a grouping of five long narrative poems that instruct all segments of Muslim society as to their obligations and responsibilities as believers and as human beings. When not involved in artistic and literary pursuits, Mir Ali Shir served as an important government official at the court of Sultan Husayn Bayqara, the ruler of 40 Allworth, Edward A. (1990). The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: A Cultural History. Hoover Institution Press. p. 229-230. ISBN 978-0817987329. 39 Herat, in today's Afghanistan. He also funded the construction of mosques, madrasahs (secondary schools), hospitals and soup kitchens for the poor. Among the presenters at the symposium were Frederique Bressand, International Society of Timurids; Dilorom Abidjanova, University of World Economy at Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Andras Bodrogligeti, University of California at Los Angeles; Ilse Cirtautas, University of Washington; and Ibrahim Pourhadi of the Near East Section in the Library's African and Middle Eastern Division. Mary- Jane Deeb, chief of the African and Middle Eastern Division, made welcoming remarks on behalf of the Librarian of Congress. Ambassador Adulaziz Kamilov spoke on behalf of the Embassy of Uzbekistan. Priscilla Roberts, president of the Friends of Uzbekistan, made the concluding remarks. A highlight of the symposium was Cirtautas's discussion of the image of historical figures from 14th and 15th century Central Asia and their importance in current Uzbek cultural and nationalist discourse. She noted that Timur (Tamerlane), the 14h century ruler of an empire centered on Samarkand, is often considered to be the founder of the Uzbek nation. Statues of Timur appear throughout Uzbekistan. Like Timur, Mir Ali Shir is one of the few figures from this era who is memorialized in statues throughout the region as the author who established the language that developed into today's Uzbek—a serious literary language. The Library's own Ibrahim Pourhadi noted in his presentation that Navoi was particularly interested in developing the educational system in the Kingdom of Herat. He commented at length about Navoi's efforts as a senior government official to establish schools throughout the realm. At the symposium, Uzbek author and translator, Shavkat Azimov and Dwayne Rodeheaver of Ventures, Inc., presented the Library with the first translation into English of Mir Ali Shir's book titled the "Lisan al-Tayr" ("The Language of the Birds"), an allegorical work explaining the mystic's path to union 40 with the divine. On display at the symposium were examples from the African and Middle Eastern Division's collection, including recent works given to the Library by Ambassador Kamilov. Among the items on display were rare manuscript pages from Central Asia and Afghanistan. Of particular importance was a page from the manuscript of the collected poems of Sultan Husayn Bayqara. This manuscript was completed in the 1490s when Mir Ali Shir was at the court of Sultan Husayn. Mir Ali Mashshadi, the calligrapher who created the work, was brought to Herat by Navoi and was supported with commissions from Navoi, Sultan Husayn and other wealthy individuals. To most people Western Europe and the Americas, the term "Turk" denotes, simply, an inhabitant of Turkey. Few realize that as many as 60 percent of the world's 90 million Turks - defined as anyone who speaks a Turkic language as a native tongue - live outside the Republic of Turkey. 41 Such differences, however, are mitigated by two unifying factors: Islam - 95 percent of all Turks are Muslim - and a common pride in what, admittedly, are the almost unknown glories of the Turkish past. These glories include, as one excellent example, a venerated 15th-century author whom Bernard Lewis, the distinguished English historian of Islam, called "the Chaucer of the Turks": Mir Ali Shir Navoi. Navoi - to use the pen name by which Mir Ali Shir is universally known - did not invent Turkish literature. In fact, the origins of Turkish literature predate Navoi by at least 700 years. But as Chaucer had done in England a century before, Navoi revolutionized a national literature by becoming the first really outstanding writer to use the Turkish vernacular in his works. 41 Erkinov, A. (1998). "The Perception of Works by Classical Authors in the 18th and 19th centuries Central Asia: The Example of the Xamsa of Ali Shir Nawa`i". In Kemper, Michael; Frank, Allen. Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries. Berlin. pp. 520. 41 In Navoi's hands, Turkish, a language traditionally regarded by men of letters as uncouth and plebeian, achieved recognition as a graceful medium for poetry and prose of the highest order. Though Arab and Persian literary purists had claimed that "barbaric" Turkish was incapable of expressing complex ideas and lofty emotions with elegance, subtlety and power, Navoi, by his unparalleled artistry, proved them wrong. Mir Ali Shir Navoi was born in Herat, in what is now northwestern Afghanistan, in 1441. Herat was then the capital city and residence of the Timurid Prince Shahrukh, ruler of Khorasan and fourth and ablest son of the mighty Timur - "Timur-the-Lame" or Tamerlane - who had died in 1405 (See Download 0.73 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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