Alisher navoiy asarlari badiiyatini ingliz tilida qayta yaratish muammolari
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alisher navoiy asarlari badiiyatini ingliz tilida qayta yaratish muammolari
Aramco World, November-December 1980). Although Samarkand, situated north
of the Oxus River (the modern Amu Darya), had been Tamerlane's capital, it was Herat in Khorasan which, during the long (1397-1447) and brilliant reign of Shahrukh, became the premier intellectual and cultural center in the eastern Islamic world. Samarkand, which from 1409 to 1446 was under the governorship of Shahrukh's son, the celebrated mathematician and astronomer Ulugh Beg, meanwhile, ran a close second. The dominant culture in Herat throughout the first half of the 15th century was that of Persia. True, Shahrukh himself was a Turk, as were most of the members of the ruling class and many of Herat's ordinary citizens. But the splendid achievements of early Persian civilization were there for all to see, and the Central Asian Turks were mesmerized by its prestige and unquestioned radiance. Authors of Turkish origin preferred to write in Persian - extolled in the Muslim East as the language of culture and learning-and painters of Turkish descent emulated classical Persian models. Persian civilization, in its turn, had been irrevocably transformed by the Arabs via the rejuvenating vigor of Islam. Such was the environment into which Navoi was born. He was educated in Mashhad (today in northeastern Iran), Herat and Samarkand, afterwards returning to Herat in 1469 when his old schoolmate Husain Baiqara, a great-great-grandson of Tamerlane, became Sultan of Khorasan. Nothing is known of Navoi's literary 42 efforts prior to that date. Over the succeeding three decades, however, he carved out one of the truly epoch-making careers in the history of Islamic letters, and was instrumental in Herat's becoming, in Rene Grousset's words, "the Florence of what has justly been called the Timurid Renaissance. 42 " From 1469 until his death in 1501, there were really four Mir Ali Shir Navois, each with his own distinct importance in Islamic history. The first was Navoi the public administrator, aide and confidant of Sultan Husain Baiqara. Navoi, while passionately devoted to his craft and to art in general, was no detached, precious sort. He was thoroughly steeped in the atmosphere of politics and policy-making, having entered that realm largely as a consequence of his close, if occasionally rocky, friendship with the sultan. Despite what some European works have asserted, Navoi never served as a minister or vizier in the Timurid court of Herat, though he did hold a variety of lesser official posts. Yet his authority was at times comparable to that of a vizier: in at least one instance, in 1479, he governed Herat in Sultan Husain's absence. Such worldly tasks must have cut drastically into Navoi's writing time, but he appears to have felt a genuine sense of obligation both to his sovereign and to the greater good of the state. The second, Navoi was the builder. He is reported to have founded, restored, or endowed some 370 mosques, schools, libraries, hospitals, caravanserais and other educational, pious, and charitable institutions in Khorasan alone. Probably he used his clout at court to raise money for such purposes, in addition to drawing on his own considerable private resources. Among the most famous constructions for which he was responsible were the Khalasiya madrasa (school) in Herat and the mausoleum of the 13th-century mystical poet, Farid al-Din 'Attar, in Nishapur (northeastern Iran). The final two roles of Navoi are those to which we owe his most valuable 42 In C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs, Ch. Pellat. The Encyclopedia of Islam VII. Leiden—New York: E. J. Brill. pp. 90–93. 43 and enduring contributions to civilization. They are Navoi the promoter/patron of scholarship, arts and letters, and, of course, Navoi the author. Being himself a musician, composer, calligrapher, painter and sculptor, as well as a most versatile writer, Navoi was involved with the complete spectrum of creative forms of expression. He was a friend and generous patron to such beacons of Timurid culture as the illustrious Persian poet Jami' - the subject of Navoi's laudatory composition, Kham-sat al-Mutahayyirin ("Quintet of the Astonished") - the Persian historians Mirkhwand and his grandson Khwandamir, the miniature-painters Bihzad and Shah Muzaffar, and the musicians Qul-Muhammad, Shaykhi Na'i, and Husain Udi. 43 But above all, Navoi is remembered and revered as a quite marvelously successful shaper and encourager of Turkish literature. Before 1400, it was not uncommon for works of an informal, popular nature to be written in one or another Turkic dialect, sometimes using the Arabic script, sometimes not. Not until the first half of the 15th century did a small group of writers in Central Asia take the initial, tottering steps in the use of Turkish for belles-lettres. The pioneers of this literature - among whom were Sakka-ki, Lutfi, Yaqini and Gada'i were faced with a specific and indeed, formidable problem. Wishing to write poetry that would conform to the accepted rules of Perso-Arabic versification, they had as their raw material a language, Turkish, not especially well-suited to those rules. Nevertheless, by deftly exploiting the full range of the Turkish vocabulary and potential grammatical formations, and by borrowing Arabic and Persian words and expressions, these men created a literary language out of the Turkish vernaculars of Central Asia and Khorasan called "Chagatai" Turkish, or simply "Chagatai." 43 Hoberman, Barry (January–February 1985). "Chaucer of the Turks". Saudi Aramco World: 24–27. 44 Some of the early works in Chagatai are works of lasting merit - in particular, the poetry of Lutfi. However, the language of these early Chagatai writers varied from locale to locale and even from author to author within the same city. Navoi changed all that. The cumulative effect of his 30-odd Chagatai works, written over a span of 30 years, was to standardize and stabilize the new idiom. And it was entirely due to the inimitable excellence of Navoi's poetry that Turkish was able to win acceptance as a legitimate literary vehicle. Navoi's best-known poems are found in his four Divans (collections of poetry): Ghara'ib al-Sighar ("Wonders of Childhood"), Naivadir al-Shabab ("Witticisms of Youth"), Bada'i' al-Wasat ("Marvels of Middle Age"), and Fawi'id Download 0.73 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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