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52. The correct answer is (A). Since this impersonal expression es cierto expresses certainty, the
present indicative can be used here, so the correct answer is (A).
53. The correct answer is (B). The “if” clause must be in the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive
when the main clause is in the conditional or the conditional perfect.
54. The correct answer is (D). Since the a nosotros is used to stress the indirect object, the only
choice here is the indirect object pronoun nos.
55. The correct answer is (C). The expression “no matter how” is por __________ que followed by
the subjunctive. Here then, you need the third person singular subjunctive of the verb ser (to be),
not estar, which also means “to be” but is used to indicate location and temporary condition.
56. The correct answer is (A). Here, you need the preterite to indicate that the action interrupted
something else that was in progress. “I was sleeping when my brother called me.”
57. The correct answer is (A). This is obviously a command and only (A) is in the negative impera-
tive form (second person singular).
58. The correct answer is (A). This sentence requires a demonstrative pronoun and since bicicleta is
feminine, there is only one possible choice.
59. The correct answer is (A). Before a noun of either gender or before a number larger than one
hundred, ciento must be contracted to become cien.
60. The correct answer is (B). This sentence is in the passive voice and requires ser and the past
participle.
Part C
The slave ships from Africa arrived in Brazil in 1525, carrying the first of many miserable cargoes of
human beings destined to work on the sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations. Historians calculate that an
extraordinarily high number of slaves reached the Brazilian shore, higher than that of the United States.
About 10 percent of the slaves died each year due to the inadequate food and clothing, together with the
long hours of work and the corporal punishment. The average slave survived only 10 years. And since the
formation of families was not encouraged—hardly one out of every ten slaves succeeded in marrying—
the landholders had to import new working slaves.
While international pressure forced the United States to abolish the importation of slaves in 1808,
Brazilian society did not pay attention to the admonitions that it would have to reduce its dependence on
slave labor. Historians attribute this delay to the fact that Brazil did not have a public press until 1808 and
that the country did not have a single true reformist or democratic movement.