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U.S History Subject Test
139
ARCO
■ SAT II Subject Tests
w w w . p e t e r s o n s . c o m / a r c o
Since Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority, Marshall declared Section 13 unconsti-
tutional and therefore void. From this case emerged the doctrine of judicial review under which
courts claim the authority to pass on the constitutionality of laws and executive actions. (Marbury
never did get his judgeship.)
19. The correct answer is (D). Although the phrase “cold war” was not coined until 1948, the cold war
began shortly after the end of World War II. In a speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri,
in March of 1946, the former prime minister of Great Britain, Winston Churchill, announced that “an
iron curtain” had descended across the European Continent. Churchill proposed that the United States
and England form an anticommunist Anglo-American association. Both Greece and Turkey at that
time relied heavily on British financial aid, and both countries were in trouble. The Greek monarchy
was fighting with communist-supplied rebels, and Turkey was under heavy Soviet pressure. In Febru-
ary 1947, the British admitted that they could no longer supply aid to these two countries. President
Truman asked Congress for $400 million in aid for Greece and Turkey. Congress agreed. This was the
first time that the United States had even proposed to commit huge sums of financial aid during
peacetime. In order to generate popular support for the foreign aid plan, Truman made an address to
a joint session of Congress in which he warned that communism was spreading across Europe and
immediately threatened Greece and Turkey. It was necessary, he said, for the “United States to sup-
port free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pres-
sures.” This policy was soon labelled the Truman Doctrine.
In June of 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall called for financial assistance to western Europe
in general. At his suggestion, sixteen European countries worked out a plan of economic recovery, a plan
that required billions of United States dollars. The United States agreed to provide $17 billion over a four-
year period. This European recovery program–or Marshall Plan–encountered little opposition because
people were convinced that it was necessary to stop the spread of communism.