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49. The correct answer is (D). As the question stem notes, the Dawes Act was an attempt to superim-
pose on Indian culture the individualist tradition of white society. The effort failed for the reasons
given in (A) through (C) and in (E). As for (D), many Indians did sell their land–after they failed to
succeed in farming, for the reasons cited.
50. The correct answer is (B). One thesis about the start of the Civil War is that the conflict centered on
the issue of slavery. The four points raised above, however, undermine that thesis. The first two
suggest that the South really had no reason to believe that the North would try to abolish slavery. The
third and fourth suggest that the South was not really committed to the preservation of slavery.
51. The correct answer is (D). Technological advances during the period cited, such as new machinery,
better fertilizers, and more effective pesticides and herbicides, improved farm productivity; output
per acre and per worker hour increased dramatically. In addition, total production increased. Techno-
logical innovation, however, was also responsible for a decline in farm population as farm laborers
and migratory workers were replaced by machines and smaller farmers, who lacked sufficient land
and capital to take advantage of the advances, were forced out of farming. Moreover, the new tech-
niques were particularly suited to larger operations. As a result, the number of farms has actually
declined since 1940, while the number of large commercial farms (agribusinesses) has increased
dramatically.
52. The correct answer is (A).
Kipling’s poem was written in 1899 to generate support for such acts as the
United States’ annexation of the Philippines. It calls on developed nations to “take up the White Man’s
burden.” That “burden” is to take charge of people the poem refers to as “half devil and half child.”
53. The correct answer is (C). This is one part of the famous Monroe Doctrine announced by Presi-
dent James Monroe in his annual address of 1823. The other part warns European powers against
trying to reestablish control over countries that were formerly colonies. Actually, the announce-
ment of the Monroe Doctrine was rather a nonevent in Europe. European nations either ignored it
or indicated that they would abide by it only if it suited them. It is true that European powers by and
large left Latin America alone during the rest of the nineteenth century, but this is because the
European nations that might otherwise have decided to intervene in Latin America feared that the
British navy would stop them. Certainly, at the time, the United States didn’t have the naval power
to enforce the Monroe Doctrine. Between its initial formulation and the end of the nineteenth
century, the Monroe Doctrine languished in obscurity, cited only once or twice. In 1895, Secretary
of State Richard Olney cited the Monroe Doctrine as giving the United States priority over Britain
in resolving a border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana. Thereafter, the Monroe Doc-
trine became an important part of American foreign policy.
Seward’s Folly, as you probably remember, refers to the decision of Secretary of State William
Seward to purchase Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million. It was also referred to as “Seward’s
Icebox.” The American System refers to a plan proposed by Henry Clay in 1824 to make the United
States economically self-sufficient. Laissez-faire refers to an economic theory according to which gov-
ernment takes a “hands off” policy toward business. Finally, in 1797, President Adams sent a special
mission to Paris to try to reduce hostilities between the United States and France. French agents insulted
the delegates by demanding a bribe before they would commence negotiations. Adams reported the
incident to Congress, designating the three French agents simply as X, Y, and Z.

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