Animal anatomy, histology, pathological anatomy

3.3.TRAINING MATERIALS FOR LABORATORY ACTIVITIES

Topic: Necrosis of the epithelium of the renal tubules 2 hours.Objectives of the topic: To teach students the macroscopic and microscopic manifestations of necrosis using the example of skeletal muscles and kidneys. Visual equipment and instruments: Organ, microtome, block window box, hematoksilin, eosin. Alcohol, xylene, paraffin, microscopy, histological preparation No. 2.1 and museum preparations

Purpose of the lesson: Study of microscopic and macroscopic appearance. 1. Working pieces of pathological material will be cut from the kidneys and skeletal muscles. 2. The particles are washed and dehydrated in an alcohol battery. 3. Paraffin blocks are made. 4. Paint normal cuts. 5. Sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin dyes. 6. Macroscopic changes are studied using museum preparations. This type of necrosis is unique to muscle (muscle) tissue and is particularly common in transverse skeletal muscles. This type of local necrosis occurs in acute (acute) diseases - acne, proteinuria, myoglobinemia in horses, sweating in humans, vitamin deficiency, some poisonings, severe mechanical damage to muscles, Senker necrosis has 3 characteristics: 1.Slow - slow development 2.Selective damage bundles of muscle fibers 3. The likelihood of restoration of muscle fibers Local necrosis - death (from the Greek word, which means nekrosis - dead) - decay of individual cells, tissues in the body. With necrosis, there is a complete cessation of vital processes in the tissue and an irreversible condition. Necrobiosis - (Greek) - a step at the stage of reduction of vital processes in the tissues of life and is characterized at the stage using the stage of the decay process. Nekrobiotik processes in cells may be a degenerative process. Rapid blood formation (tissue perfusion to stop or effect from acute poisoning) nekrobioz is easier to handle. At the same time, the cell morphological changes during the process of decay, and develops after cell death. But this is not characteristic of necrotic changes. With necrosis and necrobiosis, the properties of cells also disappear. The difference is physiological and pathological necrosis. In a living organism, some cells are destroyed when they complete their function, and new cells are regenerated in their place. Physiological necrotic - necrotic skin is covered with four epithelial layers, then the epithelium of the mucous membranes of the cells disintegrate and the disintegration of the shaped element, for example. Every day, 30 billion new blood enters the blood and bone marrow. Pathological necrosis - mechanical, physical, chemical and biological factors, as well as the collapse of the central and peripheral nervous system, and in the blood affected by a disturbance in the supply. Cause: Kidney necrosis can occur with poisoning and some infectious diseases. In addition, physical, chemical, biological factors and the breakdown of the central and peripheral nervous system, and blood come due to disturbances in the presentation of the affected past. Morphological characteristics of necrosis. Necrotic processes are different in different ones. Necrosis can also develop in individual cells and their nuclei. These changes can only be seen using a microscope. macroscopic appearance of millet seed size to the body of the shell is characterized by playful spots. Necrotic, condensed circular shape, the appearance will be spotty, necrotic areas (color) calls for necrosis for reasons associated with the pathogenesis of the disease, the reactivity of the body. Parenchymal organs necrosis, if the blood resulting from interruption of movement is light gray in color (plasma coagulation). If the root of the vein is necrosis as a result of recession, destroying the tissue in red pigments, it appears that the intestines have green and orange colors. Leather mismanagement in dark brown color. Irrational fabrics are cheesy, hard, soft. Necrosis develops as a result of direct exposure to toxins. Toxins enter the liver through the triad and portal vein. This is caused by the action of hepatotoxic metals - iron, manganese, phosphorus. They do not require biological activity. Bile salts also destroy the liver cells of the liver - necrosis occurs. The kidneys also store metabolic enzymes like the liver, but they are less concentrated. The kidneys also receive a phase of poison. Enzymes are located in the correct channel pathways for bioactivation and destroy cells there. The kidneys contain cystic lyase enzymes that form sulfur intermediates. They are similar to intestinal microflora. Since the resulting components are large, there is no filatation in Malpighian bud aggregates. The lungs have the ability to absorb light volatile substances. For example, alcohol, pesticides, cyanide. They are difficult to remove from the lungs, improving hyperventilation. Macroscopic view. Round, triangular, light gray appearances will appear in the renal capsule. When we cut them out, we see that the color is partially grown inward. Tissue necrosis and mismanagement of light are red in color, and this is characterized by profound changes in the underlying course. Microscopic appearance. In the small eye, we focus on the curved tubes. Most of the curved tubes are filled with a hungry red-colored mass. The nucleus of their epithelial cells is not limited, uncolored, and in some places the nucleus is a shadow of a round shape, looks hungry - gray - karyolysis The absence of a large mirror is destruction in the nucleus of its gemogenligi remains wrinkled - pyknosis of the nuclei, nuclear particles - reksisni and many areas are not the main one difference - see lysis. The kidneys also store metabolic enzymes like the liver, but they are less concentrated. The kidneys also receive a phase of poison. Enzymes are located in the correct channel pathways for bioactivation and destroy cells there. The kidneys contain cystic lyase enzymes that form sulfur intermediates. They are similar to intestinal microflora. Since the resulting components are large, there is no filatation in Malpighian bud aggregates. The lungs have the ability to absorb light volatile substances. For example, alcohol, pesticides, cyanide. They are difficult to remove from the lungs, improving hyperventilation. Macroscopic view. Round, triangular, light gray appearances will appear in the renal capsule. When we cut them out, we see that the color is partially grown inward. Tissue necrosis and mismanagement of light are red in color, and this is characterized by profound changes in the underlying course. Microscopic appearance. In the small eye, we focus on the curved tubes. Most of the curved tubes are filled with a hungry red-colored mass. The nucleus of their epithelial cells is not limited, uncolored, and in some places the nucleus is a shadow of a round shape, looks hungry - gray - karyolysis The absence of a large mirror is destruction in the nucleus of its gemogenligi remains wrinkled - pyknosis of the nuclei, nuclear particles - reksisni and many areas are not the main one difference - see lysis. The kidneys also store metabolic enzymes like the liver, but they are less concentrated. The kidneys also receive a phase of poison. Enzymes are located in the correct channel pathways for bioactivation and destroy cells there. The kidneys contain cystic lyase enzymes that form sulfur intermediates. They are similar to intestinal microflora. Since the resulting components are large, there is no filatation in Malpighian bud aggregates. The lungs have the ability to absorb light volatile substances. For example, alcohol, pesticides, cyanide. They are difficult to remove from the lungs, improving hyperventilation. Macroscopic view. Round, triangular, light gray appearances will appear in the renal capsule. When we cut them out, we see that the color is partially grown inward. Tissue necrosis and mismanagement of light are red in color, and this is characterized by profound changes in the underlying course. Microscopic appearance. In the small eye, we focus on the curved tubes. Most of the curved tubes are filled with a hungry red-colored mass. The nucleus of their epithelial cells is not limited, uncolored, and in some places the nucleus is a shadow of a round shape, looks hungry - gray - karyolysis The absence of a large mirror is destruction in the nucleus of its gemogenligi remains wrinkled - pyknosis of the nuclei, nuclear particles - reksisni and many areas are not the main one difference - see lysis.

Topic: Waxy necrosis of skeletal muscle - 2 hours.Necrosis of skeletal muscle It was seen in necrosis, only specific muscle (muscle) tissue, especially in the transverse movement of skeletal muscle. This type of local necrosis (acute) diseases - Karasarai, proteins, myoglobin a diseases in horses, people poison some of Madrid's disease, vitamin deficiencies necrosis occurs in the muscles of severe mechanical wounds, 3 will be signs 1. Slow development 2. Selective damage to muscle bundles fibers 3. The likelihood of muscle fiber recovery. The above features indicate that this type of necrosis has a different microscopic appearance. Macroscopic appearance: Autopsy showed necrotic muscle position seems to be pathological changes in those tissues as follows: l J saw the affected muscles whitish in color, cut, dry, waxy surface, sometimes orange-red color in places blood clots appear. Microscopic view: in a small microscope mirror we see a sharp change in muscle fibers. The fibers vary in thickness; most fibers are sharply thickened and stain well with eosin. Sometimes the muscle fibers thicken like a sausage. We see that the sarcoplasm is eroded in the damaged fibers, in which the sarcolemma is preserved in the form of thin lines. In some places it feels like the veins are bursting. The large mirror of the microscope shows that the transverse arrangement of the fibers is distorted and that the fibers are well stained with eosin. Unstructured fibers can also be seen next to these fibers. As a result of the addition of myoblasts (round cells, fine-grained cytoplasm), differentiation of transverse and straight muscle fibers is observed.

Topic: Atrophy of alveolar septa in pulmonary emphysemia - 2 hours. Objectives of the topic: To teach students the macroscopic and microscopic manifestations of necrosis using the example of the lungs. Visual equipment and instruments: Organ, microtome, block window box, hematoksilin, eosin. Alcohol, xylene, paraffin, microscopy, histological preparation No. 2.1 and museum Goal of the lesson: Study of microscopic and macroscopic appearance. 1. Working pieces of pathological material will be cut from the kidneys and skeletal muscles. 2. The particles are washed and dehydrated in an alcohol battery. 3. Paraffin blocks are made. 4. Paint normal cuts. 5. Sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin dyes. 6. Macroscopic changes are studied using museum preparations.

Atrophy(from the Greek word to deny nutrition), a decrease in body tissue and cell size. In this case, the size of organs and tissues decreases.
There are physiological and pathological atrophies. I.V. Davydovsky divides physiological atrophies into 2 groups. Evolutionary and involutionary atrophies.
As humans and animals age, the thyroid gland completely atrophies. In mammals, atrophy and hypertrophy of the uterus and mammary glands are observed - evolutionary atrophy.
As we age, the size of one organ or tissue decreases due to changes in protein synthesis called invasive atrophy.
Pathological atrophy is the result of various influences. This atrophy is divided into general and local.
A decrease in the size of one organ or tissue throughout the body is called general atrophy.
Causes of general atrophy: starvation and chronic diseases: tuberculosis, malignant tumors, anemia, leukemia.
Local atrophies are divided into six types depending on the cause.
1. Atrophies - neurotic atrophies that developed as a result of damage to the nervous system. This is atrophy of skeletal muscles vasuyaklarni contact with the skin, the central nervous system, resulting in a bell. Injuries to the skeleton, muscles, bones and skin occur. (mechanical);
2. Atrophy caused by poor circulation is called angiogenic atrophy. This atrophy is caused by the narrowing of blood vessels or the growth of connective tissue in their walls. For example: with sclerosis of the renal vessels - it decreases to the size of the kidneys (atrophy);
3. Atrophy caused by dysfunction of the endocrine glands is called hormonal atrophy. For example, when the ovaries are removed or ovarian disease occurs, the uterus of female animals shrinks to the size of the external genitalia. In men, when sperm is removed, the prostate shrinks to the size of the seminal glands;
4. Atrophy resulting from partial or complete dysfunction of individual organs and tissues is called atrophy due to inactivity. This atrophy occurs in less active muscles. For example, due to fractures of the leg bones, inflammation of the joints, decreased metabolism and functions of these organs, which leads to muscle atrophy.
5. Pressure-induced atrophy is called compression atrophy. For example, as a result of chronic hemorrhage in the liver, liver atrophy occurs. Atrophy of alveolar wall tissue as a result of pulmonary emphysema.
6. Physical and chemical substance resulting from atrophy of the physical, which is radioactive radiation resulting from bone marrow atrophy.
Chemical effects - atrophy of the thyroid gland under the influence of iodine.
Microscopic changes in organs and tissues in a state of atrophy. The cells are reduced in size, the cytoplasm is dense, but the structure is not damaged. In the cytoplasm, a brown pigment - lipofuscin accumulates in the form of fat granules.
The pigment is formed as a result of metabolism inside the cell. Therefore, with atrophy, organs turn brown. Macroscopic changes are reduced to the size of the organ, the shape is preserved, the color is smooth, brown. The outer surface of the organ is smooth, sometimes rough.
The edges of the organs appear thin and leathery. Consistency is tough. There are two types of atrophy of hollow organs (heart, intestines, stomach). Concentric is the simultaneous thinning of the organ wall and reduction of the organ cavity.
Eccentric - the wall of the organ becomes thinner, and the cavity expands (with emphysema).
Causes.As a result of systemic trauma to the nervous system, to the circulatory system, disorders, disruption of the secretory glands function, Lohia, complete or partial organ and functional tissue disorders, b flow effects, f Itzik and the result of this is that we have Arising as a result of atrophy - these are physical effects - bone marrow atrophy due to radiation and x chemical effects - thyroid atrophy due to iodine.
Emphysema- distinguish between air filling of the lungs, alveolar and interstitial emphysema. Air collects in the alveolar cavities, in the interstitial tissue, under the pleura.
Alveolar emphysema- microbronchitis, reduces heart activity, greater blood loss, the body's need for oxygen increases. Air may accumulate in all the alveoli of the lungs or partially in some alveoli. This increases the size of the lungs, is light red in color, and air escapes from the cut surface. Atrophy of the alveolar wall is visible under a microscope. This emphysema occurs as a result of heavy work with animals, fast running of sheep or horses. There are acute and chronic alveolar emphysema.
Macroscopic view:light in color, enlarged to the size of lungs, the consistency is airy on palpation, on the cut surface the cut surface is very sparse with dry blood vessels.
In severe emphysema, air bubbles form in the pleura of the lungs.
Microscopic view.A small microscope mirror shows enlarged alveoli and thinning of the walls between them. Under the influence of air pressure, the walls of the alveoli rupture and several alveoli are joined together, forming large cavities in which the remains of the alveolar walls are visible. Alveolar capillaries are narrowed and hemorrhagic. The walls of the bronchi thicken due to lymphoid and plasma cells, and an inflammatory product-exudate accumulates on the mucous membranes in the inflamed tracts. In the microscopic large mirror, the number of nuclei in thinned alveolar walls decreased, the number of cells in thickened alveolar walls increased, the number of collagen fibers also increased, and elastic fibers became thinner and smaller. In the walls of the alveoli, the epithelial cells are small, the nuclei appear bare, not twisted, and dark blue.

Subject:Amyloid dystrophy of the spleen - 2 hours.Objectives of the topic: To teach students the macroscopic and microscopic manifestations of dystrophy, using the example of the spleen. Visual equipment and instruments: Organ, microtome, block window box, hemotoxylin, eosin. Alcohol, xylene, paraffin, microscopy, histological preparation No. 2.1 and museum preparations

Purpose of the lesson: Study of microscopic and macroscopic appearance. 1. Working pieces of pathological material will be cut from the kidneys and skeletal muscles. 2. The particles are washed and dehydrated in an alcohol battery. 3. Paraffin blocks are made. 4. Paint normal cuts. 5. Sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin dyes. 6. Macroscopic changes are studied using museum preparations.