Animal anatomy, histology, pathological anatomy

3). Proteins play an important role in the structure of the body.
They are simple and complex. The most important simple proteins are: albumin and globulins; complex proteins; chromoproteins, nucleoproteins, glycoproteins and the like. In this regard, depending on the location of accumulation of residual substances, the cell is divided into extracellular and mixed dysproteinoses.
Cellular dysproteinoses include granular, hyaline, hydropic and horny dystrophies.
Granular dystrophy is a type of protein dystrophy, characterized by the appearance of granules or droplets of a protein nature in the cytoplasm. This dystrophy is more common in cases of poisoning.
Hyaline droplet dystrophy results in the formation of large droplets of hyaline protein in the cytoplasm of the cell. This dystrophy occurs in parasitic diseases.
Hydropic dystrophy. Hydropic, aqueous or vacuolar dystrophy is characterized by the appearance of vacuoles of various sizes in the cytoplasm of the cell, sometimes filled with cytoplasmic fluid in the nucleus. This dystrophy occurs in latent (protein) and smallpox diseases.
Horny (horny) dystrophy (pathological branching) - excessive production of horny substance in the cell (hyperkeratosis). Normal freezing is observed in the epidermis. In pathological conditions, excessive frostbite and quality impairment (parakeratosis), the observation of this process on the mucous membranes (leukoplakia) may be a phenomenon of pathological branching.
Extracellular dysproteinoses include mucoid, fibrinoid, hyalinous, and amyloid dystrophies.
Mucoid dystrophy (flexion). This dystrophy is characterized by changes in collagen fibers, the main substance of interstitial connective tissue.
Fibrinoid dystrophy (kinking) or deep rupture of fibrinoid connective tissue, which involves collagen and the main intermediate compounds in the blood vessels changes that dramatically increase conductivity.
Also called hyaline dystrophy or hyalinosis. The formation of a single dense translucent protein mass (hyalin) between cells is called hyalinosis. Insoluble in acids and alkalis.
Amyloid dystrophy is an extracellular dysproteinosis, characterized by a profound disturbance of protein metabolism and the accumulation of protein substances with characteristic physicochemical properties in tissues.
Mixed dysproteinoses include disorders of cellular protein metabolism, as well as intercellular protein metabolism. These dysproteinoses arise as a result of disturbances in the metabolism of complex proteins such as nucleoproteins, glycoproteins and chromoproteins.
Disorders of nucleoprotein metabolism or gout dystrophy. The accumulation of urate salts (uric acid in the blood) in the joints is called padagra. In this case, the joints swell, become deformed and hard knots form.
Also known as glycoprotein metabolic disorder or mucosal dystrophy. It occurs only on the mucous membranes and is characterized by hypersecretion of the epithelial cells of the mucous membranes, and this dystrophy occurs with catarrhal inflammation. It is also called a disorder of chromoprotein metabolism or pigmentary dystrophy.
Outcomes: if the causes of this dystrophy are eliminated and the process does not progress over time, the tissue can return to its normal state. Exacerbation of dystrophy leads to thinning and melting of tissues and the formation of cavities filled with mucus.
Cellular dysproteinoses Dystrophy (degeneration, degeneration) is understood as pathological changes in organs that arise as a result of metabolic disorders in them. Morphologically, dystrophies are manifested by a violation, first of all, of the ultrastructure of cells and tissues. The classification of dystrophies is associated with the type of metabolic disorder. There are protein dystrophies (intracellular dysproteinoses, extracellular and mixed); fatty (mesenchymal and parenchymal), carbohydrate (disorder of glycogen metabolism), mineral (stones - calculi, disturbance of calcium metabolism). Cellular dysproteinoses are divided into: 1. granular 2. hyaline-droplet 3. hydropic 4. horny 1. Granular dystrophy (turbid swelling) is a violation of the colloidal properties and ultrastructural organization of cells with the identification of protein in the form of grains. 2. Hyaline droplet dystrophy is characterized by the appearance of transparent oxyphilic protein droplets in the cytoplasm. 3. Hydropic (dropsy, vacuolar) is a violation of protein-water-electrolyte metabolism with the release of water inside the cells. 4. Horny dystrophy - pathological keratinization: excessive (hyperkeratosis) or qualitative disorder (parakeratosis, hypokeratosis) deposition of horny substance. 3.2. Extracellular and mixed dysproteinoses Include hyalinosis and amyloidosis, impaired glycoprotein metabolism, mucous and colloid dystrophy, and impaired nucleoprotein metabolism. The causes may be infections and intoxications, as well as long-term consumption of feed containing excess proteins. With hyalinosis (hyaline dystrophy), a homogeneous, dense, translucent protein mass - hyaline - appears between the cells. Local hyalinosis occurs in old scars; in capsules surrounding abscesses, necrosis and foreign bodies; with the growth of connective tissue in atrophying organs; with chronic interstitial inflammation, in blood clots, fibrous adhesions, in arteries with sclerotic changes. Macroscopically, nothing appears, or the tissue becomes dense, pale and translucent. Microscopically, collagen fibers swell, merge into homogeneous strands, and the cells atrophy. With general hyalinosis, the deposition of hyaline in the walls of blood vessels is observed, followed by their narrowing or complete obliteration. Hyalinosis is usually an irreversible process, with the exception of hyalinization of scar connective tissue. Amyloidosis consists of the deposition of a protein substance whose chemical composition is close to globulins (amyloid protein). 15 Macroscopically, the appearance of the organ does not change or it enlarges, becomes dense, brittle, anemic; when cut, it has a peculiar translucent, waxy or greasy appearance. Under microscopy, amyloid is usually deposited in the walls of small blood vessels. Amyloidosis of the spleen is follicular, when the section shows altered follicles in the form of grains of boiled sago (“sago spleen”) and diffuse, in which the cut surface is light red-brown in color and resembles ham (“grease or ham spleen”). With amyloidosis of the liver, it is enlarged, dense, pale brown, and only in horses is it flabby and easily torn. With amyloidosis of the kidneys, they are enlarged, dense, and the cut surface is waxy. The causes of amyloidosis are chronic infectious diseases, prolonged and abundant consumption of feed rich in proteins and in horses that produce serums. The outcome of general amyloidosis is unfavorable, since dystrophy, atrophy and necrosis of the parenchyma occur in the altered organs. Mucoid swelling is a superficial disorganization of connective tissue that is only detectable microscopically. Occurs in the arteries, heart valves, endocardium and epicardium. The outcome is complete recovery or transition to fibrinoid swelling. Causes: various forms of oxygen deficiency. With fibrinoid swelling: Macroscopically: changes are subtle. Microscopically: the tissue takes on the appearance of a granular-clumpy mass consisting of disintegrated collagen and elastic fibers, ground substance, plasma proteins and fibrinogen. Metachromasia is not expressed. Around the necrotic masses, productive inflammation develops with the formation of nonspecific granulomas consisting of macrophages. Exodus. Fibrinoid can be replaced by connective tissue that undergoes sclerosis or hyalinosis. 3.3. Disorders of nucleoprotein metabolism Includes uric acid diathesis and uric acid infarction. Macroscopically, with diathesis, the kidneys are enlarged in volume, covered with a whitish coating, and whitish-gray or yellowish-white patches are found on the section. With uric acid infarction, radially located stripes of a brownish-yellow color are visible in the medulla of the kidneys (uric acid salts in the lumen of the straight tubules and in the stroma of the kidneys). Disorders of glucoprotein metabolism include cellular and extracellular mucosal dystrophies. Cellular mucous degeneration is observed in catarrhal enteritis. The mucous membranes are swollen, their surface is covered with mucus. In the thyroid gland with colloid goiter, a significant increase in volume is observed due to the stretching of the follicles by the colloid. Microscopically, in the intestine, goblet cells are increased in volume, some of them are necrotic. In the cytoplasm of some of them there are light vacuoles and purple mucin grains (hamatoxylin-eosin). The surface of the mucous membrane is covered with a mixture of mucus and cells. With colloid goiter, the follicles are stretched and filled with a pink homogeneous mass (hematoxylin-eosin). The epithelial cells of the follicle walls are compressed by this mass, atrophied and flattened. 16 In extracellular mucosal dystrophy, macroscopically, the connective tissue of the skin and cardiac fat resemble a picture of edema with signs of mucus. Exodus. In a weak degree of damage, recovery is possible; in an advanced stage, cavities containing mucus are formed. Acute fluoride poisoning should not be confused with tetany (pasture, transport), with rabies and lead poisoning. 3.4. Disorders of chromoprotein (pigment) metabolism. Endogenous pigments are divided into two groups. 1. Hemoglobinogenic - arise from hemoglobin. These are hematoidin, hemosiderin and bilirubin. 2. Anhemoglobinogenic pigments that are not related to hemoglobin. These are melanin, lipochromes and luteins, lipofuscin. Hemoglobinogenic pigments. Hemosiderin is a fine-grained, amorphous iron-containing pigment of golden brown or brown color. It is located intracellularly, and when cells disintegrate, it lies freely in the tissues. Hematoidin is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin, does not contain iron, has the form of crystals in the form of rhombic formations or bunches of bright orange needles. Bilirubin is close to hematoidin, is formed and is constantly involved in the body’s metabolism. Under pathological conditions, the formation and secretion of bile is disrupted, bilirubin enters the blood, which is accompanied by tissue staining yellow (icterus). Jaundice, by origin and pathogenesis, is divided into three types: hemolytic, parenchymal and mechanical. Anhemoglobinogenic pigments. Melanin determines the color of the skin, hair, eyes and plumage of birds. When microscopy is detected in the form of brown or black grains in the cytoplasm of cells. Its formation occurs in the cells of the Malpighian layer of the epidermis and retina. The cells that produce melanin are called melanoblasts. Exogenous pigments are colored substances from the external environment, observed in the lungs (pneumoconiosis, anthracosis - coal dust, silicosis - silica, alumina, quartz), as well as argyrosis when using silver preparations. 3.5. Fatty degeneration Fats found in the body of animals and humans are designated by a general, collective term - lipids, which have two varieties: neutral fats and lipoids - fat-like substances. In cells and tissues, fats are found in the form of drops and grains, especially with special stains. Disorders of the metabolism of neutral fat in adipose tissue 1. Reducing the amount of fat in the fiber and saturating it with serous fluid (serous atrophy of fat). In this case, the fiber sometimes acquires a gelatinous character (mucosal dystrophy) and a yellowish-gray color. This state of the body is referred to as exhaustion or cachexia. 2. A general increase in the amount of fat is accompanied by its excessive deposition not only in fat depots, but also in the liver, kidneys, muscle, connective tissue and in the interstitium of other organs. 17 Local excess fat deposition (lipomatosis) is observed in organs and tissues in a state of atrophy (kidneys, individual lymph nodes, areas of skeletal muscle, etc.). Impaired metabolism of cytoplasmic fat in individual tissues and organs Fatty degeneration: The causes may be: general obesity, protein starvation, infections and intoxications, heart and lung diseases, chronic anemia, local circulatory disorders, vitamin deficiencies, etc. In the liver, with a weak degree of the process, drops of fat are detected focally, and when strengthened, the nucleus moves to the periphery of the cell and is compressed. There is a violation of the beam arrangement of liver cells (discomplexation) with transition to necrobiosis and necrosis. Macroscopically, the liver is enlarged in size, yellowish in color, and clayey in appearance; its consistency is doughy. The pattern of the parenchyma becomes similar to the cut of nutmeg (“nutmeg liver”). Microscopy of the kidneys reveals deposits of small and large droplets of fat in the interstitium, in the epithelium of the convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and collecting ducts. The myocardium becomes flabby and clayey. Microscopically, there are many small fat droplets in all muscle fibers. With a focal nature, stripes and spots of gray-yellow color ("tiger heart") are visible. 3.6. Mineral dystrophies (rickets, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodystrophy) Rickets is a disease of young animals with incomplete formation of the skeletal system, when there is excessive growth of osteid tissue, insufficient deposition of lime and its resorption from those places where it has already been deposited. Osteomalacia is a disease of adult animals in which systemic softening of bones occurs due to loss of calcium salts. Fibrous osteodystrophy consists of bone damage due to loss of lime and proliferation of granulation tissue with replacement of bone marrow. The deposition of lime into various organs and tissues is called calcification or petrification, calcification. Salt deposition can be local (dystrophic calcification) or general (calcareous metastases). Stones or concretions are solid formations that lie loosely in hollow organs and excretory ducts of glands. True stones or enteroliths are composed of salts. False stones or pseudoenteroliths consist of organic substances and salts. Phytoconcrete – plant balls; Saw concretions are hair balls. Conglobates consist of fecal particles mixed with indigestible materials: rags, paper, etc. Complex stones (sialoliths) occur in the salivary ducts of the parotid and pancreas. Gallstones are composed of lime, bile pigments and cholesterol. Urinary stones are composed of uric acid, urate, oxalate, carbonate, phosphate, cystine and xanthine. 3.7. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate dystrophies are changes in the composition and quantity of carbohydrates in tissues, caused by a violation of their absorption, synthesis and breakdown. 18 In the pathology of carbohydrate metabolism, a distinction is made between a decrease or increase in the amount of glycogen in cells, as well as pathological synthesis and deposition of it where it is not normally found. An increase in the amount of glycogen in cells is glycogenosis. Questions for self-control 1. Hyaline droplet dystrophy, its signs. 2. Macro- and micropicture in organs and tissues with hyalinosis. 3. What is hemosiderin, how and where is it formed? 4. What are the histological features of lipidosis in the liver? 5. Difference between osteomalacia and fibrous osteodystrophy. 6. What is glycogenosis? There is a violation of the beam arrangement of liver cells (discomplexation) with transition to necrobiosis and necrosis. Macroscopically, the liver is enlarged in size, yellowish in color, and clayey in appearance; its consistency is doughy. The pattern of the parenchyma becomes similar to the cut of nutmeg (“nutmeg liver”). Microscopy of the kidneys reveals deposits of small and large droplets of fat in the interstitium, in the epithelium of the convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and collecting ducts. The myocardium becomes flabby and clayey. Microscopically, there are many small fat droplets in all muscle fibers. With a focal nature, stripes and spots of gray-yellow color ("tiger heart") are visible. 3.6. Mineral dystrophies (rickets, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodystrophy) Rickets is a disease of young animals with incomplete formation of the skeletal system, when there is excessive growth of osteid tissue, insufficient deposition of lime and its resorption from those places where it has already been deposited. Osteomalacia is a disease of adult animals in which systemic softening of bones occurs due to loss of calcium salts. Fibrous osteodystrophy consists of bone damage due to loss of lime and proliferation of granulation tissue with replacement of bone marrow. The deposition of lime into various organs and tissues is called calcification or petrification, calcification. Salt deposition can be local (dystrophic calcification) or general (calcareous metastases). Stones or concretions are solid formations that lie loosely in hollow organs and excretory ducts of glands. True stones or enteroliths are composed of salts. False stones or pseudoenteroliths consist of organic substances and salts. Phytoconcrete – plant balls; Saw concretions are hair balls. Conglobates consist of fecal particles mixed with indigestible materials: rags, paper, etc. Complex stones (sialoliths) occur in the salivary ducts of the parotid and pancreas. Gallstones are composed of lime, bile pigments and cholesterol. Urinary stones are composed of uric acid, urate, oxalate, carbonate, phosphate, cystine and xanthine. 3.7. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate dystrophies are changes in the composition and quantity of carbohydrates in tissues, caused by a violation of their absorption, synthesis and breakdown. 18 In the pathology of carbohydrate metabolism, a distinction is made between a decrease or increase in the amount of glycogen in cells, as well as pathological synthesis and deposition of it where it is not normally found. An increase in the amount of glycogen in cells is glycogenosis. Questions for self-control 1. Hyaline droplet dystrophy, its signs. 2. Macro- and micropicture in organs and tissues with hyalinosis. 3. What is hemosiderin, how and where is it formed? 4. What are the histological features of lipidosis in the liver? 5. Difference between osteomalacia and fibrous osteodystrophy. 6. What is glycogenosis? There is a violation of the beam arrangement of liver cells (discomplexation) with transition to necrobiosis and necrosis. Macroscopically, the liver is enlarged in size, yellowish in color, and clayey in appearance; its consistency is doughy. The pattern of the parenchyma becomes similar to the cut of nutmeg (“nutmeg liver”). Microscopy of the kidneys reveals deposits of small and large droplets of fat in the interstitium, in the epithelium of the convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and collecting ducts. The myocardium becomes flabby and clayey. Microscopically, there are many small fat droplets in all muscle fibers. With a focal nature, stripes and spots of gray-yellow color ("tiger heart") are visible. 3.6. Mineral dystrophies (rickets, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodystrophy) Rickets is a disease of young animals with incomplete formation of the skeletal system, when there is excessive growth of osteid tissue, insufficient deposition of lime and its resorption from those places where it has already been deposited. Osteomalacia is a disease of adult animals in which systemic softening of bones occurs due to loss of calcium salts. Fibrous osteodystrophy consists of bone damage due to loss of lime and proliferation of granulation tissue with replacement of bone marrow. The deposition of lime into various organs and tissues is called calcification or petrification, calcification. Salt deposition can be local (dystrophic calcification) or general (calcareous metastases). Stones or concretions are solid formations that lie loosely in hollow organs and excretory ducts of glands. True stones or enteroliths are composed of salts. False stones or pseudoenteroliths consist of organic substances and salts. Phytoconcrete – plant balls; Saw concretions are hair balls. Conglobates consist of fecal particles mixed with indigestible materials: rags, paper, etc. Complex stones (sialoliths) occur in the salivary ducts of the parotid and pancreas. Gallstones are composed of lime, bile pigments and cholesterol. Urinary stones are composed of uric acid, urate, oxalate, carbonate, phosphate, cystine and xanthine. 3.7. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate dystrophies are changes in the composition and quantity of carbohydrates in tissues, caused by a violation of their absorption, synthesis and breakdown. 18 In the pathology of carbohydrate metabolism, a distinction is made between a decrease or increase in the amount of glycogen in cells, as well as pathological synthesis and deposition of it where it is not normally found. An increase in the amount of glycogen in cells is glycogenosis. Questions for self-control 1. Hyaline droplet dystrophy, its signs. 2. Macro- and micropicture in organs and tissues with hyalinosis. 3. What is hemosiderin, how and where is it formed? 4. What are the histological features of lipidosis in the liver? 5. Difference between osteomalacia and fibrous osteodystrophy. 6. What is glycogenosis? The pattern of the parenchyma becomes similar to the cut of nutmeg (“nutmeg liver”). Microscopy of the kidneys reveals deposits of small and large droplets of fat in the interstitium, in the epithelium of the convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and collecting ducts. The myocardium becomes flabby and clayey. Microscopically, there are many small fat droplets in all muscle fibers. With a focal nature, stripes and spots of gray-yellow color ("tiger heart") are visible. 3.6. Mineral dystrophies (rickets, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodystrophy) Rickets is a disease of young animals with incomplete formation of the skeletal system, when there is excessive growth of osteid tissue, insufficient deposition of lime and its resorption from those places where it has already been deposited. Osteomalacia is a disease of adult animals in which systemic softening of bones occurs due to loss of calcium salts. Fibrous osteodystrophy consists of bone damage due to loss of lime and proliferation of granulation tissue with replacement of bone marrow. The deposition of lime into various organs and tissues is called calcification or petrification, calcification. Salt deposition can be local (dystrophic calcification) or general (calcareous metastases). Stones or concretions are solid formations that lie loosely in hollow organs and excretory ducts of glands. True stones or enteroliths are composed of salts. False stones or pseudoenteroliths consist of organic substances and salts. Phytoconcrete – plant balls; Saw concretions are hair balls. Conglobates consist of fecal particles mixed with indigestible materials: rags, paper, etc. Complex stones (sialoliths) occur in the salivary ducts of the parotid and pancreas. Gallstones are composed of lime, bile pigments and cholesterol. Urinary stones are composed of uric acid, urate, oxalate, carbonate, phosphate, cystine and xanthine. 3.7. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate dystrophies are changes in the composition and quantity of carbohydrates in tissues, caused by a violation of their absorption, synthesis and breakdown. 18 In the pathology of carbohydrate metabolism, a distinction is made between a decrease or increase in the amount of glycogen in cells, as well as pathological synthesis and deposition of it where it is not normally found. An increase in the amount of glycogen in cells is glycogenosis. Questions for self-control 1. Hyaline droplet dystrophy, its signs. 2. Macro- and micropicture in organs and tissues with hyalinosis. 3. What is hemosiderin, how and where is it formed? 4. What are the histological features of lipidosis in the liver? 5. Difference between osteomalacia and fibrous osteodystrophy. 6. What is glycogenosis? The pattern of the parenchyma becomes similar to the cut of nutmeg (“nutmeg liver”). Microscopy of the kidneys reveals deposits of small and large droplets of fat in the interstitium, in the epithelium of the convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and collecting ducts. The myocardium becomes flabby and clayey. Microscopically, there are many small fat droplets in all muscle fibers. With a focal nature, stripes and spots of gray-yellow color ("tiger heart") are visible. 3.6. Mineral dystrophies (rickets, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodystrophy) Rickets is a disease of young animals with incomplete formation of the skeletal system, when there is excessive growth of osteid tissue, insufficient deposition of lime and its resorption from those places where it has already been deposited. Osteomalacia is a disease of adult animals in which systemic softening of bones occurs due to loss of calcium salts. Fibrous osteodystrophy consists of bone damage due to loss of lime and proliferation of granulation tissue with replacement of bone marrow. The deposition of lime into various organs and tissues is called calcification or petrification, calcification. Salt deposition can be local (dystrophic calcification) or general (calcareous metastases). Stones or concretions are solid formations that lie loosely in hollow organs and excretory ducts of glands. True stones or enteroliths are composed of salts. False stones or pseudoenteroliths consist of organic substances and salts. Phytoconcrete – plant balls; Saw concretions are hair balls. Conglobates consist of fecal particles mixed with indigestible materials: rags, paper, etc. Complex stones (sialoliths) occur in the salivary ducts of the parotid and pancreas. Gallstones are composed of lime, bile pigments and cholesterol. Urinary stones are composed of uric acid, urate, oxalate, carbonate, phosphate, cystine and xanthine. 3.7. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate dystrophies are changes in the composition and quantity of carbohydrates in tissues, caused by a violation of their absorption, synthesis and breakdown. 18 In the pathology of carbohydrate metabolism, a distinction is made between a decrease or increase in the amount of glycogen in cells, as well as pathological synthesis and deposition of it where it is not normally found. An increase in the amount of glycogen in cells is glycogenosis. Questions for self-control 1. Hyaline droplet dystrophy, its signs. 2. Macro- and micropicture in organs and tissues with hyalinosis. 3. What is hemosiderin, how and where is it formed? 4. What are the histological features of lipidosis in the liver? 5. Difference between osteomalacia and fibrous osteodystrophy. 6. What is glycogenosis? With a focal nature, stripes and spots of gray-yellow color ("tiger heart") are visible. 3.6. Mineral dystrophies (rickets, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodystrophy) Rickets is a disease of young animals with incomplete formation of the skeletal system, when there is excessive growth of osteid tissue, insufficient deposition of lime and its resorption from those places where it has already been deposited. Osteomalacia is a disease of adult animals in which systemic softening of bones occurs due to loss of calcium salts. Fibrous osteodystrophy consists of bone damage due to loss of lime and proliferation of granulation tissue with replacement of bone marrow. The deposition of lime into various organs and tissues is called calcification or petrification, calcification. Salt deposition can be local (dystrophic calcification) or general (calcareous metastases). Stones or concretions are solid formations that lie loosely in hollow organs and excretory ducts of glands. True stones or enteroliths are composed of salts. False stones or pseudoenteroliths consist of organic substances and salts. Phytoconcrete – plant balls; Saw concretions are hair balls. Conglobates consist of fecal particles mixed with indigestible materials: rags, paper, etc. Complex stones (sialoliths) occur in the salivary ducts of the parotid and pancreas. Gallstones are composed of lime, bile pigments and cholesterol. Urinary stones are composed of uric acid, urate, oxalate, carbonate, phosphate, cystine and xanthine. 3.7. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate dystrophies are changes in the composition and quantity of carbohydrates in tissues, caused by a violation of their absorption, synthesis and breakdown. 18 In the pathology of carbohydrate metabolism, a distinction is made between a decrease or increase in the amount of glycogen in cells, as well as pathological synthesis and deposition of it where it is not normally found. An increase in the amount of glycogen in cells is glycogenosis. Questions for self-control 1. Hyaline droplet dystrophy, its signs. 2. Macro- and micropicture in organs and tissues with hyalinosis. 3. What is hemosiderin, how and where is it formed? 4. What are the histological features of lipidosis in the liver? 5. Difference between osteomalacia and fibrous osteodystrophy. 6. What is glycogenosis? With a focal nature, stripes and spots of gray-yellow color ("tiger heart") are visible. 3.6. Mineral dystrophies (rickets, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodystrophy) Rickets is a disease of young animals with incomplete formation of the skeletal system, when there is excessive growth of osteid tissue, insufficient deposition of lime and its resorption from those places where it has already been deposited. Osteomalacia is a disease of adult animals in which systemic softening of bones occurs due to loss of calcium salts. Fibrous osteodystrophy consists of bone damage due to loss of lime and proliferation of granulation tissue with replacement of bone marrow. The deposition of lime into various organs and tissues is called calcification or petrification, calcification. Salt deposition can be local (dystrophic calcification) or general (calcareous metastases). Stones or concretions are solid formations that lie loosely in hollow organs and excretory ducts of glands. True stones or enteroliths are composed of salts. False stones or pseudoenteroliths consist of organic substances and salts. Phytoconcrete – plant balls; Saw concretions are hair balls. Conglobates consist of fecal particles mixed with indigestible materials: rags, paper, etc. Complex stones (sialoliths) occur in the salivary ducts of the parotid and pancreas. Gallstones are composed of lime, bile pigments and cholesterol. Urinary stones are composed of uric acid, urate, oxalate, carbonate, phosphate, cystine and xanthine. 3.7. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate dystrophies are changes in the composition and quantity of carbohydrates in tissues, caused by a violation of their absorption, synthesis and breakdown. 18 In the pathology of carbohydrate metabolism, a distinction is made between a decrease or increase in the amount of glycogen in cells, as well as pathological synthesis and deposition of it where it is not normally found. An increase in the amount of glycogen in cells is glycogenosis. Questions for self-control 1. Hyaline droplet dystrophy, its signs. 2. Macro- and micropicture in organs and tissues with hyalinosis. 3. What is hemosiderin, how and where is it formed? 4. What are the histological features of lipidosis in the liver? 5. Difference between osteomalacia and fibrous osteodystrophy. 6. What is glycogenosis? Salt deposition can be local (dystrophic calcification) or general (calcareous metastases). Stones or concretions are solid formations that lie loosely in hollow organs and excretory ducts of glands. True stones or enteroliths are composed of salts. False stones or pseudoenteroliths consist of organic substances and salts. Phytoconcrete – plant balls; Saw concretions are hair balls. Conglobates consist of fecal particles mixed with indigestible materials: rags, paper, etc. Complex stones (sialoliths) occur in the salivary ducts of the parotid and pancreas. Gallstones are composed of lime, bile pigments and cholesterol. Urinary stones are composed of uric acid, urate, oxalate, carbonate, phosphate, cystine and xanthine. 3.7. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate dystrophies are changes in the composition and quantity of carbohydrates in tissues, caused by a violation of their absorption, synthesis and breakdown. 18 In the pathology of carbohydrate metabolism, a distinction is made between a decrease or increase in the amount of glycogen in cells, as well as pathological synthesis and deposition of it where it is not normally found. An increase in the amount of glycogen in cells is glycogenosis. Questions for self-control 1. Hyaline droplet dystrophy, its signs. 2. Macro- and micropicture in organs and tissues with hyalinosis. 3. What is hemosiderin, how and where is it formed? 4. What are the histological features of lipidosis in the liver? 5. Difference between osteomalacia and fibrous osteodystrophy. 6. What is glycogenosis? Salt deposition can be local (dystrophic calcification) or general (calcareous metastases). Stones or concretions are solid formations that lie loosely in hollow organs and excretory ducts of glands. True stones or enteroliths are composed of salts. False stones or pseudoenteroliths consist of organic substances and salts. Phytoconcrete – plant balls; Saw concretions are hair balls. Conglobates consist of fecal particles mixed with indigestible materials: rags, paper, etc. Complex stones (sialoliths) occur in the salivary ducts of the parotid and pancreas. Gallstones are composed of lime, bile pigments and cholesterol. Urinary stones are composed of uric acid, urate, oxalate, carbonate, phosphate, cystine and xanthine. 3.7. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate dystrophies are changes in the composition and quantity of carbohydrates in tissues, caused by a violation of their absorption, synthesis and breakdown. 18 In the pathology of carbohydrate metabolism, a distinction is made between a decrease or increase in the amount of glycogen in cells, as well as pathological synthesis and deposition of it where it is not normally found. An increase in the amount of glycogen in cells is glycogenosis. Questions for self-control 1. Hyaline droplet dystrophy, its signs. 2. Macro- and micropicture in organs and tissues with hyalinosis. 3. What is hemosiderin, how and where is it formed? 4. What are the histological features of lipidosis in the liver? 5. Difference between osteomalacia and fibrous osteodystrophy. 6. What is glycogenosis?