Animal anatomy, histology, pathological anatomy

Lymphadenitis –[lat. lympha – moisture, clear water, Greek. aden - gland] – inflammation of the lymph node.
Myositis –[Greek mys, myos - muscle] – inflammation of skeletal muscles.
Tinder –any dry material: dry grass, wax paper, fluffy cotton wool, etc.
Emphysema– [Greek emphysema] – filling with air, swelling.

8 TOPIC.Chronic bacterial diseases. Pathomorphology of tuberculosis, brucellosis and glanders in horses.

Plan

1. Classification of chronic infectious diseases.
2. Etiology, pathogenesis and pathological anatomy, diagnosis and comparative diagnosis of tuberculosis, brucellosis disease.
3. Etiology, pathogenesis and pathological anatomy, diagnosis and comparative diagnosis of scabies.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, mycobacteria, source, granuloma, diarrhea, anemia.
1. Chronic infectious diseases occur in all species of animals, birds and humans. This disease is about "development of transformations with sand ö" transformations based on the development of proliferative Yalla g' trademark lie. Internal organs of dystrophic diseases O ' changes and Yalla's K g ö r. Such illnesses last for months and years.
2. Tuberkulez (tuberkulyozis) is a chronic disease, which, about “l specific node, it tuberkulalarni and parinximatoz of the body of the mucous membrane of the membranes filling b O” is characterized by defendants. Tuberculosis also affects mammals, poultry and humans.
Etiology and pathogenesis. Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacteria. The disease is caused by different types of bacteria in different animals and birds. Mycobacteria, food and ayrogen u o l will spread into the body through the blood and lymph nodes, and then spread to other internal organs, t Mycobacteria and their toxins produced by epitilioid, lymphoid cells.
The development of tuberculosis can be primary and secondary, divided into two stages. Primary tuberculosis is an animal for the first time, the patient contains O "selected, secondary endogenous tuberculosis and exogenous O" thing again with an infection in the body develops as a result. Source of infection: sick animals, theirwaste (garbage, urine, etc.), care equipment, feed contaminated with waste from sick animals. 0.3% of calves with a sick mother are transmitted (ie transmitted through the womb). In rare cases, the udder secretes the heart, genitals, and can also be transmitted through the skin. Patanatomiya tuberculosis progresses differently in different organs.
Animal tuberculosis (Tuberculosis) A chronic infectious disease of humans, mammals and birds, characterized by the formation of typical granulomas - tubercles. Causative agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis was discovered by Robert Koch in 1882. The causative agent of human tuberculosis is M. tuberculosis; cattle - M. bovis; birds - M. Avium, these are thin, straight, often slightly curved rods, located singly or in groups, aerobic, immobile, does not form spores or capsules. Mycobacteria remain viable in manure for 7 months, in feces for 1 year, in water for 2 months, in oil for 45 days, in cheese for 45-100 days, in milk for up to 10 days. Heating to 70°C kills in 10 minutes, and boiling inactivates in 3-5 minutes. Epizootology. Course and symptoms. Susceptible: all animal species. Source of pathogen: sick animals and bacteria carriers. Routes of transmission: aerogenic; through the damaged mucous membrane of the oral cavity, less often through the nipples of the udder and vagina. Transmission factors are feed, manure, water, litter, care items. Incubation period: 2-6 weeks until allergic reactions appear. Tuberculosis is mostly chronic and asymptomatic. In cattle, the lungs or intestines are more often affected. Pulmonary tuberculosis is accompanied by cough and other signs of damage to the lungs and pleura. With intestinal tuberculosis, diarrhea is observed, followed by constipation and mucus mixed with blood in the feces. When the udder is affected in cattle, the lymph nodes are enlarged and the udder becomes lumpy. With generalized tuberculosis, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, cachexia, rapid fatigue, anarexia and anemia are observed. Tuberculosis occurs in sheep and goats, just like in cattle. In pigs, an increase in the submandibular, retropharyngeal and cervical lymph nodes is observed. Tuberculosis is rare in horses and is mostly latent. Avian tuberculosis occurs with unclear clinical signs. Observe emaciation, inactivity, pallor and wrinkled crest, atrophy of the pectoral muscles. Generalization of the process is accompanied by intestinal damage. Pathological changes. Characteristic of tuberculosis is the presence in various organs and tissues of the animal of specific nodules (tubercles) the size of a millet grain to a chicken egg or more. Tuberculosis lesions are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and contain a dry, crumbly mass (caseous necrosis). With a long course of the disease, tuberculous nodules may become calcified. Diagnostics. Pathological material is sent both during the life of the animal (nasal discharge, bronchial mucus, milk, feces, urine) and posthumously (affected parts of organs and lymph nodes - bronchial, retropharyngeal, mediastinal, prescapular, suprauterine. The bird's corpse (or carcass) is sent as a whole - examine the affected liver, spleen, lungs, ovaries. Conduct 85 tuberculinization, histological, bacteriological studies, bioassay, serological tests (RSC). Differential diagnostics. Pasteurellosis, paratuberculosis, actinomycosis, dictyocaulosis, in pigs - lymphadenitis caused by atypical mycobacteria, in birds - leukemia. Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. No treatment is carried out; sick and positive animals are destroyed. Prevention and control measures are based on preventing the introduction of infection, systematic diagnostic testing, improving the health of disadvantaged farms, and protecting people from tuberculosis infection. Veterinary and sanitary examination. Skinny carcasses, if any form of tuberculosis damage to organs or lymph nodes is detected, as well as carcasses, regardless of the state of fatness, heads, internal organs, including intestines, with a generalized tuberculosis process, are sent for disposal. Carcasses of normal fatness, except for pig carcasses, in the presence of tuberculosis lesions in the lymph nodes or other tissues, are sent for the production of meat loaves, canned food or boiling. The internal fat is melted down. Affected organs and tissues are disposed of. If tuberculous calcified foci are detected in pork carcasses only in the submandibular lymph nodes, the latter are removed, the head along with the tongue is sent for boiling, and the carcasses, internal organs and intestines are released without restrictions. If only the mesenteric lymph nodes are affected, only the intestines are sent for disposal, and the carcass and other internal organs are released without restriction. If tuberculosis-like lesions caused by corynobacteria are detected in the lymph nodes of pork carcasses, the carcass and organs are released without restrictions after removal of the affected lymph nodes. If a tuberculosis lesion is detected in the bones, all the bones of the skeleton are sent for disposal, and the meat (in the absence of tuberculosis lesions) is sent for boiling or canning. If only the mesenteric lymph nodes are affected, only the intestines are sent for disposal, and the carcass and other internal organs are released without restriction. If tuberculosis-like lesions caused by corynobacteria are detected in the lymph nodes of pork carcasses, the carcass and organs are released without restrictions after removal of the affected lymph nodes. If a tuberculosis lesion is detected in the bones, all the bones of the skeleton are sent for disposal, and the meat (in the absence of tuberculosis lesions) is sent for boiling or canning. If only the mesenteric lymph nodes are affected, only the intestines are sent for disposal, and the carcass and other internal organs are released without restriction. If tuberculosis-like lesions caused by corynobacteria are detected in the lymph nodes of pork carcasses, the carcass and organs are released without restrictions after removal of the affected lymph nodes. If a tuberculosis lesion is detected in the bones, all the bones of the skeleton are sent for disposal, and the meat (in the absence of tuberculosis lesions) is sent for boiling or canning.
2 forms of the disease develop in the lungs

1. 
   nodular form
   

2. 
   Form of pneumonia
   

Nodes light parinximasida pleura millet grain on eggs size of nodes,
This form of the disease develops in three stages. Acinous, lobular, lobar.
In the udder (mammary gland), the disease takes two forms.
1. Knot shape.
2. form of mastitis
large nodes, terry sealing. In lymph nodes, the disease takes two forms. Nodular forms, in the form of fruit.
Intestines and stomach: the intestinal mucosa forms nodules, leading to ulcers, dogs, birds and pigs are susceptible to the disease, very moyildur wild animals only the exudative form of the disease is greater. Disease of poultry liver, glandular and muscular mucous membrane nodules in various sizes
Paratuberculosis (Paratuberculosis) Animal paratuberculosis (paratuberculous enteritis, Jonah's disease). A disease of cows similar to paratuberculosis was described by Curtright and White Church in 1825, Farrow in 1841, and Hensen and Hamilton in 1881. The causative agent of the disease was discovered in 1895 by John - Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (M. Johnei). It is a thin, short, polymorphic rod, immobile, does not form spores or capsules, G+, stains well according to Zill-Neelsen. The pathogen persists in soil and manure for 10-12 months, in feed and water for 8-10 months, and dies at 85°C in 1-5 minutes. Sunlight kills after 10 months. Effective disinfectants are a 3% formaldehyde solution and a 3% sodium hydroxide solution; 20% slurry of freshly slaked lime, 5% xylonaftha emulsion. Epizootology. Course and symptoms. Cattle, sheep, goats, camels, reindeer and other domestic and wild animals are susceptible to mycobacteria paratuberculosis. The main source of the pathogen: clinically and latently sick animals. Transmission factors include water and care items contaminated with it. Incubation period: 1-12 months or more. Course: chronic or latent, the asymptomatic period can last for years. In cattle, there is a loss of fatness and milk yield, increased molting, then profuse diarrhea mixed with blood, lethargy, swelling in the intermaxillary space and in the dewlap area, leukopenia. In sheep, the course is latent; with exacerbation, there is emaciation, swelling, and the prognosis is unfavorable. Pathological changes. Exhaustion, poor blood clotting, damage to the jejunum and especially the ileum (wall thickening, longitudinal and transverse folds, enlarged lymph nodes, mesenteries; swelling of Peyer's patches) are noted. In other organs, hyperplasia of the mesenteric lymph nodes is noted; granular dystrophy of the liver, kidneys, myocardium; hydremia, dropsy of the thoracic, abdominal and pericardial cavities; exhaustion and general anemia. 90 Diagnostics. To the laboratory: while the animal is alive, feces with lumps of mucus and an admixture of blood are sent, scrapings from the mucous membrane of the rectum, posthumously or at slaughter - the affected areas of the intestine, a segment of the ileum, ligated on both sides, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Histological, bacteriological, serological studies and allergy tests are carried out. Differential diagnosis. In case of paratuberculosis, tuberculosis, alimentary enteritis, helminthic infestations, eimeriosis, molybdenum poisoning and copper deficiency should be excluded. Tuberculosis is excluded by allergy testing; helminthic infestations and eimeriosis - scatological examination. Alimentary enteritis is widespread and is diagnosed based on the results of a blood test. Prevention and treatment. No treatment has been developed. Prevention. Animals' blood is tested for RSC. Animals with positive RSC readings are examined again using RSC after 2-3 weeks (simultaneously with an allergy test). Animals with positive RSC and allergy test readings are sent for slaughter. In the future, animals are examined using the same method 2 times a year. Young animals up to 18 months of age are tested with an allergy test. Positively or doubtfully reacting animals are isolated and examined again after 30-45 days. Animals that give positive reactions after repeated testing are sent for slaughter, the rest are returned to the herd. The farm is considered healthy 2 years after the last case of isolation of a sick animal and the completion of final veterinary and sanitary measures. Veterinary and sanitary examination. In the absence of exhaustion and visible pathological changes in the muscles, the carcass and other products that do not have lesions are released for processing, and all affected internal organs are sent for technical disposal or destroyed. In case of exhaustion and the presence of hydremic areas in the skeletal muscles, the carcass with internal organs is disposed of.
2. Bursitis is a chronic infectious disease characterized by endometritis (inflammation of the uterine mucosa) and abortion in cows, orchitis (inflammation of excess sperm) in cows, bursitis (inflammation of the joints). characterized by epididymitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), affects all types of domestic and wild animals, even fish and rats. People with this disease also get sick.
Ethology and pathogenesis. The causative agent of the disease, called bursella, is Brucella abortis. The source of infection is sick animals; bacteria enter the body through wool, meat and meat products of animals. It spreads through the bloodstream and causes acute inflammation in the uterus of cows. In bulls, it causes increased inflammation of the joints, testicles and prostate gland, spreading through the bloodstream and damaging the lymph nodes and blood vessels. Bursellosis is sometimes complicated by other infections, the disease is very severe, catarrhal purulent endometritis can occur and develop into sepsis.
Pathological anatomy Animals do not die from brucellosis, they only lose weight and show the following changes: Before being discharged, a cloudy liquid flows out of the cow’s vagina. After an abortion, the mucous membranes of the vagina become red and swollen, and the uterine cavity becomes red. This is why it is characteristic that the placenta grows inside the caruncles.
The purulent exudate that accumulates in the uterine cavity during the capture of the placenta stops communication between the fetus and the cow.
In cows, swelling of the joints, testicles and prostate gland is very painful, as purulent exudate accumulates in them.
Death can occur as a result of pus-causing microorganisms entering the bloodstream.
In pigs, the disease is characterized by the formation of abscesses in the subcutaneous and internal organs. Chrysanthemums are characterized by orchitis, epidemics and inflammation of the seminal vesicles (vesiculitis).
Brucellosis in animals Brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease of all mammals, including humans. The causative agent of the disease. The causative agent of brucellosis is small bacteria of the genus Brucella, which includes six species: Br.melitensis, Br.abortus, Br.suis, Br.ovis, Br.neotomae and Br.canis, which differ mainly in cultural and biochemical properties. The pathogen is a short gram-negative rod (or coccobacilli) measuring 0.5-0.7x0.6-1.5 microns. The microbial cell is immobile and does not form spores or capsules. In dogs, representatives of almost all species can act as causative agents of the disease, but dogs are the main hosts for Brucella canis species. The same species can cause brucellosis in humans, with a classic clinical picture for this disease (fever, arthritis, headaches, etc.) [1]. Interestingly, brucellosis in dogs caused by Br.canis is recorded even in those countries where brucellosis of other animal species does not occur (England, Germany, Japan, Czechoslovakia) [2]. Brucella is a microorganism that is less resistant to unfavorable environmental factors. Heating to 60 °C kills them in 30-40 minutes, 80 °C - in 5-88 minutes, boiling - instantly. They are unstable to phenol, alcohol, formaldehyde, chloramine and other disinfectants. However, they can survive in feces, urine and other organic materials at low temperatures for up to three to four months. Direct sunlight has a detrimental effect on them. Pathogenesis. People are susceptible to brucellosis regardless of breed, sex and age. More pronounced sensitivity was noted in females during pregnancy. The causative agent of brucellosis can enter the body in different ways: nutritionally (the main route), aerogenously, through sexual contact, and even through intact skin. Brucella can not only resist the bactericidal systems of phagocytes, but also survive for a long time inside the phagocyte, which ultimately leads to its destruction. Being inside a phagocyte, Brucella is protected by the membranes of these cells from antibiotics and other drugs, so brucellosis is very difficult to cure [3]. Together with the cells that have absorbed them, Brucella are carried to all parenchymal organs (liver, spleen, bone marrow, etc.) and lymph nodes. But the pathogen has the greatest tropism for the genital organs (testes, testicular appendages, uterine tissues, especially during pregnancy). Multiple inflammatory phenomena develop, which are chronic in nature with periodic exacerbations (remitting type). The long course of the disease is accompanied by serous-productive inflammation of the parenchymal organs, which leads to parenchymal atrophy, stromal sclerosis and multiple fibrous deposits. Clinical signs. Brucellosis is usually chronic and asymptomatic. Males develop lesions of the genital organs: epididymitis and orchitis with proliferation of lymphohistiocytic elements. Subsequently, the parenchyma of the prostate and seminiferous tubules of the testes is destroyed and aspermatogenesis and infertility develop. Females may abort or give birth to stillbirths. After this, inflammatory processes in the uterus continue for a long time. In addition to lesions of the genital organs, enlarged lymph nodes, remitting fever, and arthritis can sometimes be observed. A pathological examination of the fetus and its membranes reveals swelling and purulent exudate on the membranes. There are hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue of the fetus, on the serous and mucous membranes. The spleen and lymph nodes are enlarged. Small necrotic lesions are sometimes found in the liver. During the autopsy of recently infected and aborted animals killed for meat, we find purulent-catarrhal inflammation of the uterine mucosa. In severe cases, the inflammatory process involves not only the mucous and submucosal tissue, but also the muscular layers and serosa of both the uterus itself and its ligaments. Regional lymph nodes are juicy and swollen. 4-6 months after an abortion, only flabbiness of the uterus and a catarrhal state of the mucous membrane can be detected. Much less common in the liver are encapsulated abscesses or necrotic gray-yellow small lesions. Abscesses of brucellosis etiology in other organs are a rare phenomenon. Arthritis, bursitis, synovitis occur mainly on the forelimbs. In chronic cases, ankylosis develops. The testes are enlarged, dense, abscesses and foci of necrosis of various sizes are visible on the section. Diagnosis Diagnosis of brucellosis is based on serological tests. Moreover, as diagnostic agents, drugs should be used that allow the detection of antibodies to both the S- and R-antigens of the pathogen. It is necessary to differentiate between brucellosis and yersiniosis, the causative agent of which can cause a slight disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. The problem is that in some serological variants of the bacteria Iersinia cntcroeolitica, the endotoxin has a structure almost identical to the Brucella S-endotoxin. Therefore, when Yersinia parasitizes animals, an erroneous diagnosis of brucellosis is possible. There are special differential tests that can fairly reliably distinguish between brucellosis and yersinosis. Treatment. Brucellosis is considered a virtually incurable disease. This is due to powerful allergic and autoimmune reactions, which, even after elimination (removal) of the pathogen, have a pathological effect on the body. In addition, Brucella can transform into the L-form and parasitize hosts for a long time (sometimes for years). There are hemorrhages on the serous and mucous membranes. The spleen and lymph nodes are enlarged. Small necrotic lesions are sometimes found in the liver. During the autopsy of recently infected and aborted animals killed for meat, we find purulent-catarrhal inflammation of the uterine mucosa. In severe cases, the inflammatory process involves not only the mucous and submucosal tissue, but also the muscular layers and serosa of both the uterus itself and its ligaments. Regional lymph nodes are juicy and swollen. 4-6 months after an abortion, only flabbiness of the uterus and a catarrhal state of the mucous membrane can be detected. Much less common in the liver are encapsulated abscesses or necrotic gray-yellow small lesions. Abscesses of brucellosis etiology in other organs are a rare phenomenon. Arthritis, bursitis, synovitis occur mainly on the forelimbs. In chronic cases, ankylosis develops. The testes are enlarged, dense, abscesses and foci of necrosis of various sizes are visible on the section. Diagnosis Diagnosis of brucellosis is based on serological tests. Moreover, as diagnostic agents, drugs should be used that allow the detection of antibodies to both the S- and R-antigens of the pathogen. It is necessary to differentiate between brucellosis and yersiniosis, the causative agent of which can cause a slight disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. The problem is that in some serological variants of the bacteria Iersinia cntcroeolitica, the endotoxin has a structure almost identical to the Brucella S-endotoxin. Therefore, when Yersinia parasitizes animals, an erroneous diagnosis of brucellosis is possible. There are special differential tests that can fairly reliably distinguish between brucellosis and yersinosis. Treatment. Brucellosis is considered a virtually incurable disease. This is due to powerful allergic and autoimmune reactions, which, even after elimination (removal) of the pathogen, have a pathological effect on the body. In addition, Brucella can transform into the L-form and parasitize hosts for a long time (sometimes for years). There are hemorrhages on the serous and mucous membranes. The spleen and lymph nodes are enlarged. Small necrotic lesions are sometimes found in the liver. During the autopsy of recently infected and aborted animals killed for meat, we find purulent-catarrhal inflammation of the uterine mucosa. In severe cases, the inflammatory process involves not only the mucous and submucosal tissue, but also the muscular layers and serosa of both the uterus itself and its ligaments. Regional lymph nodes are juicy and swollen. 4-6 months after an abortion, only flabbiness of the uterus and a catarrhal state of the mucous membrane can be detected. Much less common in the liver are encapsulated abscesses or necrotic gray-yellow small lesions. Abscesses of brucellosis etiology in other organs are a rare phenomenon. Arthritis, bursitis, synovitis occur mainly on the forelimbs. In chronic cases, ankylosis develops. The testes are enlarged, dense, abscesses and foci of necrosis of various sizes are visible on the section. Diagnosis Diagnosis of brucellosis is based on serological tests. Moreover, as diagnostic agents, drugs should be used that allow the detection of antibodies to both the S- and R-antigens of the pathogen. It is necessary to differentiate between brucellosis and yersiniosis, the causative agent of which can cause a slight disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. The problem is that in some serological variants of the bacteria Iersinia cntcroeolitica, the endotoxin has a structure almost identical to the Brucella S-endotoxin. Therefore, when Yersinia parasitizes animals, an erroneous diagnosis of brucellosis is possible. There are special differential tests that can fairly reliably distinguish between brucellosis and yersinosis. Treatment. Brucellosis is considered a virtually incurable disease. This is due to powerful allergic and autoimmune reactions, which, even after elimination (removal) of the pathogen, have a pathological effect on the body. In addition, Brucella can transform into the L-form and parasitize hosts for a long time (sometimes for years). Diagnosis Diagnosis of brucellosis is based on serological tests. Moreover, as diagnostic agents, drugs should be used that allow the detection of antibodies to both the S- and R-antigens of the pathogen. It is necessary to differentiate between brucellosis and yersiniosis, the causative agent of which can cause a slight disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. The problem is that in some serological variants of the bacteria Iersinia cntcroeolitica, the endotoxin has a structure almost identical to the Brucella S-endotoxin. Therefore, when Yersinia parasitizes animals, an erroneous diagnosis of brucellosis is possible. There are special differential tests that can fairly reliably distinguish between brucellosis and yersinosis. Treatment. Brucellosis is considered a virtually incurable disease. This is due to powerful allergic and autoimmune reactions, which, even after elimination (removal) of the pathogen, have a pathological effect on the body. In addition, Brucella can transform into the L-form and parasitize hosts for a long time (sometimes for years). Diagnosis Diagnosis of brucellosis is based on serological tests. Moreover, as diagnostic agents, drugs should be used that allow the detection of antibodies to both the S- and R-antigens of the pathogen. It is necessary to differentiate between brucellosis and yersiniosis, the causative agent of which can cause a slight disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. The problem is that in some serological variants of the bacteria Iersinia cntcroeolitica, the endotoxin has a structure almost identical to the Brucella S-endotoxin. Therefore, when Yersinia parasitizes animals, an erroneous diagnosis of brucellosis is possible. There are special differential tests that can fairly reliably distinguish between brucellosis and yersinosis. Treatment. Brucellosis is considered a virtually incurable disease. This is due to powerful allergic and autoimmune reactions, which, even after elimination (removal) of the pathogen, have a pathological effect on the body. In addition, Brucella can transform into the L-form and parasitize hosts for a long time (sometimes for years).
Diagnostics and comparative diagnosis. The disease is diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, serological tests and pathological changes, bacteriological tests.
The disease should be compared with the following diseases: endometritis, bursitis, orchitis, rheumatism, chlomediosis (abortion), bursillosis differs from the pathogen in the diseases listed above.
3. Glanders (mallius), pleasant to the chronic infectious diseases of the original doorway, specially playing in the lungs, nose and skin with sand dunes. Single-hoofed animals (horses, donkeys, mules) become ill. People can get sick too.
The etiology and pathogenesis of the disease is caused by bacterial mallia. Tears enter the body with nasal secretions, spread through the blood, enlarge in the lungs, nasal passages and skin, produce toxins, damage blood vessels and develop proliferative inflammation. Under the influence of produced bacteria and toxins, local tissues and protective cells are destroyed. In this case, the process of necrosis is not completely preserved in the stages of pyknosis and relapse. Epithelioid and lymphoid cells form and gather around it, and a connective tissue membrane forms around the perimeter of the firebox. The result is a mango knot.
Pathanatomy Specific changes develop in different organs. Lung disease takes two forms: nodular formation, pneumonia.
The form of pneumonia is characterized by the formation and accumulation of serum, catarrhal, purulent exudate in the alvioli and bronchi in the form of an exudative agent. The resulting knots are very tough and difficult to cut. The pulmonary arteries fill with blood and are in a state of hyperemia. In the nasal passages, mango nodules initially form on the nasal mucosa. Wounds are formed due to the decomposition of the mucous and subcutaneous layers, and they merge. When microorganisms enter the wounds, a purulent exudate is formed.
The mucous membranes of the nasal cavity are much less common than the mucous membranes of the lungs, and nodules form as bacteria from the lungs return to the nasal cavity.
Manga skin or skin form Small gray manga nodules are formed on the scalp, forehead, neck at the base of the skin of the chest, which are whitish-gray in color and they are hard.
Glanders (Malleus) is an infectious, predominantly chronic disease characterized by the appearance in the lungs, on the nasal mucosa and various areas of the skin of specific (glanders) nodules, pustules, abscesses, the decay of which forms suppurating ulcers. The causative agent of glanders is Pseudomanas mallei (Leffler, 1891). In the past, glanders was widespread in many countries around the world. Currently, it is registered only in some countries in Asia, Africa and South America, where systematic universal diagnostic studies are not organized. In Russia, glanders were eliminated in 1940. Single-hoofed animals are especially susceptible to glanders: horses, donkeys, mules, and hinnies. Predators from the cat family (lions, tigers, panthers, lynxes, cats), brown and polar bears, which can become infected by eating the meat of sick animals, become ill with glanders. Camels get sick relatively rarely. People also suffer from glanders. Routes of transmission of the pathogen: most often through the digestive tract, sexual and aerogenic routes. Incubation period: from 3 days to 3 weeks. 86 Symptoms. In acute cases - fever up to 42°C, chills, hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose. On days 2-3, small yellowish nodules with a red rim, ranging in size from a millet grain to a pea, appear on the nasal mucosa. After a few hours they merge, become necrotic, and ulcers form; further - collapse of the nasal septum, discharge, after 2-3 weeks the nodes become denser, the lungs are affected, sometimes the skin in the prepuce area, the scrotum (nodules, ulcers). In the chronic course: ulcers on the nasal mucosa, scars, cough, periodic fever, enlarged submandibular lymph nodes. A person’s body temperature rises, chills, pain in muscles and joints. The development of lymphangitis and lymphadenitis is characteristic. There is a papular rash on the skin. The prognosis is unfavorable. With early treatment with antibiotics and sulfonamides, recovery is possible. Pathological changes. With glanders, glanders nodules and ulcers are found on the mucous membrane of the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and scars are found at the sites of their healing. When examining the lungs, you can find glandular nodules the size of a millet grain to a pea. Sometimes the nodules merge and form large confluent nodules, which can become calcified. With diffuse damage to the lungs, signs of glanders pneumonia or bronchopneumonia are observed. In the chronic course, glanders grow in the form of dense areas of almost white color (“greasy” glanders), penetrated by many small purulent or caseous foci; sometimes the lung tissue is replaced by scar tissue, followed by calcification. Nasal glanders can be exudative or productive. The middle and upper thirds of the nasal cavity are most often affected, and the process is especially often localized on the nasal septum and much less often in the turbinates. The main form of exudative glanders in the nasal cavity is ulcerative. The edges of the ulcers are raised like ridges above the level of the mucous membrane and are finely granulated. The bottom of the ulcer is uneven, as if eaten away, and also finely granulated, and there is a red rim around the ulcers. When they merge, an extensive ulcerative surface is formed, followed by destruction of the cartilage and perforation of the nasal septum. On the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, along with ulcers, there are also glandular nodules in the form of yellowish, cloudy hemispherical or cone-shaped elevations of the mucous membrane, through which they are visible. The nodules can be single or multiple, and in some places they conglomerate. Radiating, or star-shaped, scars found in the nasal cavity and, in particular, on the nasal septum, are the result of healing ulcers. The fibrous cords of these scars converge in the center of the ulcer and give them a radiant structure. Small scars are usually completely covered with epithelium, while large scars, especially in their central zones, may lack epithelial cover. Fresh (young) glander nodule. Macro picture: the lesions are translucent, with purulent contents and with a red belt of reactive inflammation along the periphery. Micropicture: characterized by the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and their rapid karyorrhexis and karyolysis. These necrotic areas are the most typical sign of a glanders nodule, persisting at all stages of its development until encapsulation and calcification. Along the periphery of the lesion, an exudative reaction is visible - an area of ​​edema and hyperemia of adjacent tissues. Signs of granulation tissue are not expressed. Typical (mature) glandular nodule. Macro picture: in the center of the nodule, a grayish-white, dryish mass of necrosis is visible, limited by a light zone of granulation tissue. 87 Micropicture: around the necrotic center, consisting of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a state of karyorrhexis and karyolysis, there is granulation tissue, built from two zones: the zone of epithelioid cells and the zone of lymphoid cells. Calcified and encapsulated glandular nodules. Micropicture: in the center of the lesion there are polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a state of karyorrhexis and karyopyknosis with basophilic lumps of lime. Along the periphery there is a narrow zone of epithelioid and lymphoid cells and a connective tissue capsule. Diagnostics. The material for the study can be sterilely taken nasal discharge, purulent discharge from ulcers, punctates of subcutaneous abscesses, RSK, and allergic diagnostics are performed. Individual nodules and affected areas of the lungs, liver, and lymph nodes are sterilely excised from the corpse. Differential diagnosis. They are distinguished from diseases such as stomatitis, pustular contagious stomatitis, as well as diseases associated with skin lesions (epizootic lymphangitis). Prevention. Sick animals and animals that react positively to mallein are destroyed by burning. Prevention - complete mulleinization of single-hoofed animals on the farm 2 times a year. Veterinary and sanitary examination. Animals with glanders are not allowed to be slaughtered. Animals that are clinically sick with glanders and that react positively during malleinization are destroyed. In case of slaughter of animals, carcasses with all internal organs and skin are also destroyed. Slaughter products are destroyed if the animals were killed for meat without malleinization. All carcasses suspected of being contaminated with the glanders pathogen during the technological or production process are released after boiling, and the internal organs are sent for technical disposal. The same applies to carcasses if it is impossible to boil them. The slaughterhouse and all equipment are disinfected with a clarified solution of bleach with 3% active chlorine, and a hot 4% solution of caustic soda.
Diagnostics and comparative diagnosis. The disease is diagnosed based on clinical signs, allergic studies, bacteriological studies and pathological changes.
In allergy tests, an allergen called mallin is instilled into the horses' eyes, and if there are a lot of tears, a disease can be suspected.
A bacteriological study is carried out when taking a blood test to determine the causative agent of the disease.
Manga differs from the following diseases: tuberculosis, scabies, rhinitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, gingivitis, dermatitis.
Scabies differs from the above diseases by the pathogen and the formation of specific hard nodules.