Аракин 4 курс полностью

6. Special celebration foods: the Christmas bird (turkey or goose); the Christmas 
pudding; chocolate log; mulled wine; mince pies; cake; Easter eggs; the Thanksgiving 
turkey and a pumpkin pie; pancakes; roasted chestnuts.
7. The types of folklore: verbal (proverbs, rhymes, myths, legends, folksongs, ballads); 
partly verbal (superstitions, customs and festivals, folkdances and games); non-verbal 
(folk gestures, folk music, folk architecture, handicrafts, folk costumes and foods).

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8. Terms of partly verbal folklore according to their degree of generalization: rites; 
ceremonies; rituals; customs; traditions; festivals.
9. Politically marked ceremonies and parliamentary conventions: trooping the colour; 
opening of Parliament; the Lord Chancellor's procession; the Gentleman of the Black 
Rod mission; spying the strangers; Beefeaters searching the cellars of the Houses of 
Parliament, etc. 
The Field of Folklore 
Folklore comprises the unrecorded traditions of a people. The study of folklore 
records and analyses these traditions because they reveal the common life of the mind 
below the level of "high" or formal culture, which is recorded by civilizations as the 
learned heritage of their times.
Whenever, out of habit or inclination, the folk indulge in songs and dances, in ancient 
games, the merry-making, to mark the passing of the year or the usual festivities 
whenever in many callings the knowledge, experience, wisdom, skill, the habits and 
practices of the past are handed down by example or spoken word, by the older to the 
new generations, without reference to book, print, or school teacher, then we have 
folklore in its own perennial domain, at work as ever, alive and shifting, always apt to 
grasp and assimilate new elements on its way.
Folklore comprises traditional creations of peoples, primitive and civilized. These are 
achieved by using sounds, words, poetry and prose and include also folk beliefs or 
superstitions, customs and performances, dances and plays.
A simple and workable arrangement of the types of folklore may be based on three 
modes of existence: folklore is either verbal (proverbs, rhymes, myths, legends, folksong, 
ballads), partly verbal (superstitions, customs and festivals, folk dances and games) or 
non-verbal (folk gestures, folk music, folk architecture, handicrafts, folk costumes and 
foods).
Folklore under various names has been with us ever since man began to take an 
objective look at his culture.
The study of folk life is that of man's mental, spiritual and material struggle towards 
civilization, of that "complex whole", which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, 
custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

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Men of learning have in the last century or so gathered, classified and studied a vast 
body of materials appertaining to folk tradition.
Some of our surviving customs can trace their ancestry a very long way back, and 
have hitherto resisted all attempts to uproot them, many others have vanished for ever. 
Especially they disappeared during the last hundred and fifty years or so, for this was a 
period of great change everywhere, affecting traditional customs as much as anything 
else.
Customs involve both verbal and non-verbal elements that are traditionally applied in 
specific circumstances. But unlike superstitions, true customs do not involve faith in the 
magical results of such application. Thus, the "customs" that incorporate traditional belief 
in the supernatural should properly be classified as superstition.