Article in Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society a mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · January 004 doi: 10. 1098/rsta. 2003
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Phil.Trans.
2. The laser
The invention of the laser (Maiman 1960) represents one of the most important landmarks in the long history of light. It exemplifies an extraordinary technological leap, which has since paved the way for a startling new era in optical science and technology. For the first time, man had contrived a remarkable new tool for direct generation and manipulation of coherent light. The important properties of the laser derive from its coherence properties, which result in a light beam with a well-defined optical phase in time and space. This prescribed phase generally confines the opti- cal frequency and spatial wavelength of laser light to a restricted range, so that the beam generally exhibits a narrow frequency spectrum. † Another unique property of laser light is its directionality, which means that the beam can propagate over great distances without significant spreading and can be readily manipulated using conventional optical elements. ‡ The phase coherence and directionality of the laser make it possible to create extremely large optical powers and focused intensities, ¶ not conceivable with incoherent light emitters. These characteristics also allow accu- rate transfer of information, precise calibration of time, and measurements of many physical constants, among numerous other applications, using laser light. It was the recognition of this potential that led to the award of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the laser (Townes et al . 1964), and it is the realization of this potential that has revolutionized optical science and technology over the past four decades. The laser, however, is not without its limitations. By the virtue of its unique coher- ence properties, laser light contains only a confined band of frequencies determined by the energy gap in the laser material. In this regard, the laser can be viewed as a light source with limited spectral versatility. It is possible to develop tunable lasers with more extended spectral emission using materials with broadened energy levels † Stable lasers can produce optical waves with a frequency spread of less than 100 Hz. In the visible range (λ ∼ 600 nm, ν ∼ 5 × 10 14 Hz, say), this is equivalent to a wavelength spread of 1.2 × 10 −10 nm. Such a narrow emission translates into an uncertainty in the frequency, ∆ν (or wavelength, ∆λ) of the emitted light, as small as 2 × 10 −13 (i.e. 50 billionths of a per cent!). ‡ A laser beam with diameter of 1 cm and at a wavelength of 600 nm will spread to a diameter of 12 cm over a distance of 1 mile ( ≡ 1.6093 km) and to diameter of 3 km by the time it has travelled 25 000 miles full-circle round the Earth. ¶ A common laser such as Nd 3+ :YAG can generate an optical power of 1 W. The beam can be readily focused to an area of 0.001 cm × 0.001 cm to provide optical intensities (power/area) as large as ca. 10 6 W cm −2 . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2003) Parametric light generation 03TA2008/3 d S _ + d S incident small E 0 emitted field strength incident electric field strength dipole displacement E 0 ( , ) ν λ (h < ∆E) ν ( , ) ν λ Figure 1. The regime of linear optics. The small electric field strength of the input optical wave induces a dipole displacement which is small, linear and symmetric relative to the incident field direction. The emitted optical wave is of the same frequency (wavelength) as the incident wave. E 0 denotes the amplitude of the input field, which is a measure of the field strength. Note that the incident field has a frequency (wavelength) within the material transparency range ( hν < ∆E), otherwise absorption rather than dipole emission will take place. (or energy bands). However, the maximum spectral coverage available to the most prominent tunable lasers (e.g. Ti:sapphire) is still limited to at best 300–400 nm. In addition, the restricted availability of suitable laser materials has confined the wave- length coverage of existing tunable lasers mainly to the visible and near-infrared spectrum. These limitations have left substantial portions of the optical spectrum inaccessible to lasers, and alternative methods for the generation of coherent light in these regions have had to be devised. Download 377.19 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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