Asian development bank

Table 7: Sex-Disaggregation of Automobile, river, and railway Transport Staff, 2014–2016 (%)

Agency	year	Total			Management and Specialists			Technical Staff			Maintenance Staff
		Women	Men	Women		Men	Women		Men	Women		Men
Uzbek agency for automobile and River transport	2014	16.7	83.3	11.5		88.5	53.3		46.7	21.8		78.2
Uzbekistan Railways JSC		19.7	80.3	35		65	34.7		65.3	14.4		85.6
Uzbek agency for automobile and River transport	2015	18.1	81.9	13.4		86.6	38.1		61.9	22.7		77.3
Uzbekistan Railways JSC		19.9	80.1	33.4		66.6	35.9		64.1	15		85

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¹⁷⁸ the percentage of female tertiary students in engineering, manufacturing, and construction was 4.5% vs. 27.2% males. UN entity for Gender equality and the empowerment of Women. 2016. Progress of the World’s Women Report 2015-2016. New York. 19 July. p. 259.
¹⁷⁹ SanpIN (sanitary norms and regulations) #0141-03 (24 October 2003). Hygiene Classification of Working Conditions in Terms of Age, Hazards and Risks in the Industrial Environment, the Severity and Intensity of the Work Process.
¹⁸⁰ For instance, all rail public sector bodies in UK account for 31,945 staff, 4,157 (13%) of which are women. When the data is broken down into job grades, most women (83%) across the three organizations are in junior roles, while 16% hold middle management positions. Only 56 women (1.3%) are in senior roles. Women in Rail. 2015. Industry Survey Report. State of Play. p.6. https://womeninrail.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/WR-Industry-Survey-Report-december-2015.pdf
Mainstreaming Gender in ADB Operations, by Sector 59
table 7 continued

Agency	year	Total			Management and Specialists			Technical Staff			Maintenance Staff
		Women	Men	Women		Men	Women		Men	Women		Men
Uzbek agency for automobile and River transport	2016	18.2	81.8	16.3		83.7	25		75	19.2		80.8
Uzbekistan Railways JSC		19.5	80.5	30.5		69.5	37.7		62.3	15.5		84.5

Source: data provided by the State Committee on Statistics to adB in September–October 2017 for this CGa update.

Connectivity constraints are particularly limiting for private businesses, especially considering that the primary market for Uzbekistan’s export trade will continue to be concentrated in the region.¹⁸¹ Limited mobility due to transportation and roads issues affects women’s intentions to start or enhance their MSMes in several ways, including limiting access to (i) training centers in cities or district centers; (ii) local markets for necessary raw materials, equipment, and services; and (iii) the nearest branch of a commercial bank. Combined with time poverty, these constraints seriously undermine rural women’s capacity to engage in MSMes.
Women and men have different travel patterns and needs. In group discussions and interviews, female respondents stated that they mainly use private transport to purchase raw materials

at the wholesale market, to transport products for sale, to visit administrative institutions, to care for in-laws, to take children to and from school, or to shop for daily needs.¹⁸² Some women entrepreneurs obtained car loans to cope with these multiple tasks. the rules for operating

a business and the necessity of combining business and reproductive functions challenge traditional gender relations. Many women from traditional families have taken to driving their cars despite the initial reluctance of their spouses to allow this.
the design of transport projects must consider women’s unique transport needs and ensure that gender strategies and actions address these needs, and that interventions will equally benefit women.

4. ADB Interventions

adB is helping Uzbekistan electrify a railway that links the cities of pap, Namangan, and andijan in the Fergana Valley, which accounts for nearly one-third of Uzbekistan’s total population,

and connects major cities with tashkent. this project will boost regional trade because it is part of a CaReC route.¹⁸³ adB has provided three loans totaling $240 million to the subsector since 1998. Outputs of one CaReC project include improved passenger and freight service on


¹⁸¹ World Bank. 2016. Systemic Country Diagnostics for Uzbekistan. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ en/304791468184434621/pdf/106454-ReVISed-pUBLIC-SecM2016-0167-1.pdf
¹⁸² adB field survey in 2017 in preparation for this CGa update.
¹⁸³ adB. 2017. Countries. Uzbekistan. projects. project data Sheet. https://www.adb.org/projects/48025-003/ main#project-pds
60 Uzbekistan Country Gender Assessment Update
the pap–Namangan–andijan railway line, upgraded railway infrastructure along the rail line, improved safety of railway operations, and reduced cost of travel for the general population, compared with to road transport.¹⁸⁴

5. Good Practices and Lessons Learned

CaReC Corridor 2 road investment projects are categorized as having some gender elements (SGe) and generally do not require a gender action plan (Gap). However, a previously developed Gap was focused mainly on strengthening women’s economic capacity along the CaReC Corridor.

Gap outputs are mainly concerned with developing the capacity of local community leaders and female residents in small remote rural areas along the road construction: Sarimaya village/ Khazarasp district/Khorezm region, Kirchin and pungon villages of pop district/Namangan region. Box 11 contains a more detailed discussion of good practices exercised in Gap implementation for the CaReC Corridor 2 project.

6.