Auxiliary verbs (to be, to do, to have) Present simple

Somewhere ravishi bo‘lishli gaplarda ishlatiladi:
I left my umbrella somewhere. Men soyabonimni allaqayerda qoldiribman.
Anywhere so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz gaplarda ishlatiladi:
Are you going anywhere tomorrow? Ertaga biror joyga borasizmi?
I can’t find my dictionary anywhere. Men lug‘atimni hech qayerdan topa olmayapman.

2. 
   Payt (vaqt) ravishlari: now hozir, endi, when –da, vaqtda, paytda, then so‘ngra, o‘shanda, to-day bugun, yesterday kecha, tomorrow ertaga, before oldin, ilgari, lately yaqinda, keyingi paytlarda, recently yaqinda, shu kunlarda, once bir kuni, ever biror vaqt, never hech qachon, always har doim, doimo, often tez-tez, ko‘pincha, seldom kamdan-kam, usually odatda, sometimes ba’zan, goho, already allaqachon, yet hali; allaqachon, still hali, since -dan buyon va boshqalar:
   

I was very busy yesterday. Men kecha juda band edim.
He usually goes to bed at eleven o’clock. U odatda soat 11da uxlashga yotadi.
He left Tashkent in 1996, and I haven’t seen him since. U 1996-yilda Toshkentdan ketgan va men uni o‘shandan buyon ko‘rganim yo‘q.

3. 
   O‘lchov va daraja ravishlari: much ko‘p, little oz, very juda, too o‘ta, so shunday, enough yetarli, hardly, scarcely arang, zo‘rg‘a, nearly, almost deyarli, aytarli va boshqalar.
   
4. 
   Holat ravishlari: well yaxshi, fast, quickly tez, slowly asta, sekin, quietly tinch, sokin, easily oson va boshqalar. Bu guruhdagi ravishlarning ko‘pchiligi sifatga –ly qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan yasaladi:
   

Have you rested well? Yaxshi dam oldingizmi?
He came into the room very quickly. U xonaga juda tez kirib keldi.

5. 
   Too, also, either, else, only, even so‘zlari ham ravishlardir. Too va also ham ma’nosida darak va so‘roq gaplarda ishlatiladi, ammo too also- ga qaraganda og‘zaki nutqda ko‘proq qo‘llanadi. Either ham ma’nosida faqat bo‘lishsiz gaplarda ishlatiladi:
   

26-savol Adjectives(Sifat)
SIFAT (THE ADJECTIVE)
Umumiy ma’lumotlar

1. 
   Shaxs yoki buyumning belgisini bildirgan so‘zlar sifat deyiladi:
   

A young man = yosh kishi; a young woman= yosh ayol; young people =yosh kishilar.

2. 
   Sifat faqat darajalar bo‘yicha o‘zgarishi mumkin: long — uzun, longeruzunroq, longest — eng uzun.
   
3. 
   Sifatlar oddiy va yasama bo‘ladi:
   

1. 
   Oddiy sifatlar qo‘shimcha olmagan sifatlardir: big — katta, short —kalta, black — qora, red — qizil.
   
2. 
   Yasama sifatlarga old yoki orqa qo‘shimchasini yoki har ikkalasini olgan sifatlar kiradi: natural — tabiiy, incorrect — noto‘g‘ri, unnatural- notabiiy.
   

Eng ko‘p tarqalgan qo‘shimchalar (suffikslar):

• 
  ful : useful = foydali, doubtful = shubhali;
  
• 
  less : helpless = ojiz, useless = befoyda;
  
• 
  ous : famous = mashhur, dangerous = xavfli;
  
• 
  al : formal = rasmiy, central = markaziy;
  
• 
  able, -ible: eatable = yeb bo‘ladigan, accessible = hammabop, yengil.
  

Eng ko‘p tarqalgan old qo‘shimchalar :
un- : unhappy = baxtsiz, unequal = teng emas, noteng;
in- : incomplete = tugallanmagan, indifferent = farqsiz.

4. 
   Ikkita so‘zdan yasalib bitta ma’noni bildiruvchi sifatlar qo‘shma sifatlar deyiladi: dark-blue = to‘q ko‘k, snow-white = qordek oq.
   
5. 
   Sifat gapda aniqlovchi va ot-kesimning tarkibida keladi:
   

The large box is on the table. (aniqlovchi). Katta quti stol ustida.
The box is large. (ot kesimning tarkibiy qismi). Quti — katta.


27-savol. Nouns (otlar)
OT (THE NOUN)
Umumiy ma’lumotlar

1. 
   Shaxs yoki buyumni ifodalovchi who? kim? va what? nima? so‘- rog‘iga javob bo‘luvchi so‘zlar turkumi ot deyiladi: a man, an engineer, a house.
   
2. 
   Otlar oldidan odatda artikl va predlog keladi. Ular otlarning asosiy belgisidir: a table, the table, on the table.
   
3. 
   Otlar birlik va ko‘plikda kelishi mumkin: a table — tables, a book — books.
   
4. 
   Otlarda ikkita – bosh va qaratqich kelishigi bor: worker — wor- ker’s, father — father’s.
   
5. 
   Otlar gapda quyidagi vazifalarda keladi:
   

1. 
   ega vazifasida:
   

The train leaves at 6 o’clock. Poyezd 6 da jo‘naydi.

2. 
   kesim tarkibida:
   

He is a teacher. U — o‘qituvchi.

3. 
   to‘ldiruvchi vazifasida:
   

I’ve received a telegram. Men telegramma oldim. We’ve sent the buyers a letter. Biz xaridorlarga xat yubordik.
I’ll speak to the manager. Men menejer bilan gaplashaman.

4. 
   aniqlovchi vazifasida:
   

This is the manager’s room. Bu menejerning xonasi.

5. 
   hol vazifasida:
   

There is a hospital in the village. Qishloqda kasalxona bor.
Atoqli va turdosh otlar (Common and Proper Nouns)

1. 
   Alohida shaxs yoki buyumlarning nomlari atoqli otlardir: Tashkent, the Volga, the Caucasus, London, Peter, Uzbekistan, Russian Federa- tion, the Pacific Ocean, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and North- ern Ireland, Olimov, Nodir.
   
2. 
   Turdosh otlar bir xil turdagi buyumlarning umumiy nomidir: a boy, a country, a tree, a house.
   

Turdosh otlar quyidagi guruhlarga bo‘linadi:

1. 
   alohida buyumlarning yoki shaxslarning nomlarini bildiruvchi otlar (a book — books, a tree — trees) va shaxs yoki hayvonlar guruhini ifo- dalovchi jamlama (a family — families, a herd — herds (poda), a crowd
   

— crowds (to‘da)) otlar (Collective nouns).

2. 
   moddalarni ifodalovchi – moddiy otlar (Material Nouns): water — suv, steel — po‘lat, wool yung, gold — oltin.
   
3. 
   belgi, harakat, holat, his, ko‘rininsh, fan, san’at va boshqalarni ifo- dalovchi mavhum otlar (Abstract Nouns):
   

honesty — sofdillik, bravery — jasurlik, sleep — uyqu, darkness — qorong‘ulik, love — sevgi, work — ish, winter — qish, history — tarix, music — musiqa, mathematics — matematika.


28-savol. Verbs (Fellar)
FE’L (THE VERB)
Umumiy ma’lumotlar
Shaxs yoki narsaning harakati yoki holatini ifodalovchi so‘zlar fe’l deyiladi.
1. Fe’llar sodda, yasama va qo‘shma bo‘ladi:

1. 
   sodda fe’llar tarkibida qo‘shimcha yoki old qo‘shimcha bo‘l- maydi;
   
2. 
   yasama fe’llarning qo‘shimchasi yoki old qo‘shimchasi bo‘ladi:
   

-en: to widen — kengaytirmoq to strengthen — kuchaytirmoq
-fy: to simplify — soddalashtirmoq to signify — ifodalamoq, bildirmoq
-ize: to mobilize — jalb qilmoq to organize — tashkil qilmoq
-ate: to demonstrate — namoyish to separate — ajratmoq
-un-: to unload — yukni tushirmoq qilmoq to untie — yechmoq
re-: to resell — qayta sotmoq
dis-: to disarm — qurolsizlantirmoq to disappear — g‘oyib bo‘lmoq

3. 
   Qo‘shma fe’llar ikki so‘zdan yasaladi:
   

to whitewash — oqlamoq to broadcast — radioda eshittirmoq
Eng keng tarqalgan qo‘shma fe’llar:
fe’l + ravish
to come in — kirmoq
to take off — yechmoq
to go on — davom ettirmoq.
Fe’lning shaxsi ma’lum va shaxsi noma’lum shakllari (Finite and non-finite forms of the verb)
Fe’lning shaxsi ma’lum ( Finite Forms), shaxsi noma’lum (Non- Finite forms or Verbals) shakllari bor.
Fe’lning shaxsi ma’lum shakllari shaxs, son, mayl, zamon, nisbatni ifodalaydi. Ular gapda doimo yakka o‘zi kesim bo‘lib keladi:
She lives in London. U Londonda yashaydi.
He is working in the library. U kutubxonada ishlayapti .
They were invited to the concert. Ular konsertga taklif qilinishdi.
My sister was here in the morning. Mening opam ertalab shu yerda edi.
Buyruq maylidagi fe’llar ham fe’lning shaxsi ma’lum shakliga kiradi, chunki u gapda tushirib qoldirilayotgan ega you ning kesimidir:
Close the window, please.
Fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum shakliga — infinitiv (the Infinitive) hara- kat nomi, gerund (the Gerund) va sifatdosh (the Participle) kiradi. Ularda shaxs, son va mayl yo‘q va ular gapda mustaqil ravishda kesim bo‘lib kela olmaydi:
I have come here to speak to you (infinitiv gapda maqsad holi). Men bu yerga siz bilan gaplashgani keldim.
We discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages (gerund aniqlovchi). Biz xorijiy tillarni o‘qitishning turli uslublarini muhokama qildik.
The book lying on the table belongs to Mr. A. (aniqlovchi). Stol ustida yotgan kitob Mr. A.ga qarashli.
Fe’lning asosiy shakllari
Ingliz tilida fe’lning uchta asosiy shakli bor: infinitiv (the Infinitive), oddiy o‘tgan zamondagi shakli (Simple Past) va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi shakli (Past Participle). Ular barcha zamon shakllarini yasashda ishla- tiladi.
To‘g‘ri va noto‘g‘ri fe’llar

1. 
   Fe’llar oddiy o‘tgan zamon (Simple Past) va o‘tgan zamon sifat- dosh (Past Participle) shakllarining yasalishiga qarab to‘g‘ri va noto‘g‘ri fe’llarga bo‘linadi.
   
2. 
   To‘g‘ri fe’llarning Simple Past va Past Participle shakllari fe’l o‘za- giga -ed qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan yasaladi.
   

Infinitive
to open
to work
to expect
Simple Past
opened
worked
expected
Past Participle
opened
worked
expected

Simple Past va Past Participle shakllari -ed qo‘shimchasini qo‘shmasdan, turli yo‘llar bilan yasaladigan fe’llar noto‘g‘ri fe’llar deyiladi. Noto‘g‘ri fe’llarning o‘tgan zamon va o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi shakllarini biz darsliklardagi maxsus jadvallardan yoki lug‘atdan o‘rganamiz.
Jadvaldagi fe’lning ikkinchi shakli Simple Past shakli, uchinchi shakli esa Past Participle shaklidir.
Lug‘atlarda esa noto‘g‘ri fe’llarning Simple Past va Past Participle shakllari fe’lning asosiy shakli va o‘qilishidan keyin kichik qavs ( ) ichida berilgan bo‘ladi. Kichik qavs ichidagi birinchi shakl fe’lning Simple Past shakli, ikkinchi shakl esa fe’lning Past Participle shaklidir. Agar kichik qavs ichida faqat bitta shakl berilgan bo‘lsa, shu bitta shakl ham Simple Past uchun, ham Past Participle uchun ishlatiladi: