Avvalo birinchi grammatik qoidalarni undan so’ng qiladigan xatolarni ko’rib chiqing bu sizni kelasida qilinadigan har qanday xatolardan saqlab qoladi. Uni tugatib test yechish sirlarini yaxshilab o’rganib chiqing

bacterium	bacteria (Latin)	basis
bases (Greek)
cactus	cacti (Latin) yoki cactuses (kam holarda)	corpus	corpora (Latin)
crisis	crises (Greek)	criterion	criteria (Greek)
diagnosis	diagnoses (Greek)	formula	formulae (Latin)yoki formulas
fungus	fungi (Latin)yoki funguses	hypothesis	hypotheses (Greek)
kibbutz	kibbutzim (Hebrew)	nucleus	nuclei (Latin)
phenomenon	phenomena (Greek)	radius	radii (Latin)
stimulus	stimuli (Latin)	vertebra	vertebrae (Latin)

dozen — dyujina (o‘n ikkitalik), score — yigirmatalik so‘zlaridan oldin son kelsa birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega bo‘ladi. Two dozen of eggs — 2 dyujina tuxum, three score of years — oltmish yil. !Etibor bering: Bu otlar oldidan son kelmasa ko‘plikda –s qo‘shimchasini oladi:

• 
  Pack the books in dozens, please. Kitoblarni dyujinalab o‘rang.
  
• 
  Scores of people were present there. U yerda yigirmatalab (ko‘p) odamlar bor edi.
  

• 
  People so’zi odamlar ma’nosida ko’plikda, xalq manosida birlik va ko’plikda ishlatiladi
  
• 
  Fruit so’zi faqat birlikda ishlatiladi, lekin meva turlari haqida gapirganda fruit ko’pligi fruits bo’ladi.
  

• 
  Fruit is cheap in summer
  
• 
  On the table there are apples, plums, and other fruits
  

QO‘SHMA OTLARNING KO‘PLIGI
1.Ajratib yoziladigan qo‘shma otlarning asosiy ma’no beruvchi so‘zi ko‘plikda keladi:

Singular(birlik)	Plural(ko’plik)
custom-house	custom-houses
man-of-war	men-of-war
hotel-keeper	hotel-keepers
mother-in-law	mothers-in-law
passer-by	passers-by

• 
  Agar qo‘shma so‘zning birinchi so‘zi man yoki woman bo‘lsa, har ikkala so‘z ham ko‘plik shaklida keladi:
  

man-servant — men-servants woman-doctor — women-doctors
3.Qo‘shib yozilgan qo‘shma so‘zlarning ikkinchi so‘zi ko‘plikda bo’ladi:
schoolboy —schoolboys, housewife — housewives, postman –postmen

Countable and Uncountable

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens.
Donalab sanaladigan otlarni tanish juda oson. Donalab sanaladigan otlar bu sanasa bo’ladigan otlar hisoblanadi. Masalan : “pen” Biz ruchkani sanay olamiz. Biz bitta ruchka, ikkita ruchka va ko’p ruchka deb ayta olamiz.
Uncountable nouns are usually things which can't easily be counted.
Donalab sanalmaydigan va sanashda qiyinchlik tug’diradigan otlar sanalmaydigan otlar hisoblanadi.
Countable nouns rules
1. Countable nouns can be singular or plural: Ular birlik va ko’plikda ishlatiladi.

• 
  My dog is playing.
  
• 
  My dogs are hungry.
  

2. We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:
Biz sanaladigan otlarni noaniq a/an artikli bilan ishlata olamiz
 A dog is an animal.
3. When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:
Qachonki sanaladigan ot birlikda bo’lsa, Siz a/the/my/this bilan ishlatishingiz kerak yolg’iz o’zi ishlatilmaydi.

• 
  I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
  
• 
  Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)
  

4. When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:
Qachonki sanaladigan ot ko’plikda bo’lsa, biz uni yolg’iz ishlataolamiz  I like oranges.
 Bottles can break.

Used with Countable Nouns Only
a	a doctor, a pen, a meal, a class, a college
Many – ko’p	many cups, many books, many libraries, many flights
Few – oz, kam	few questions, few tables, few apples, few holidays, few countries
a few - oz, kam (yetarli darajada)	a few questions, a few problems, a few issues, a few issues

Uncountable nouns rules
1. Uncountable nouns do not make a plural and they are always used with a singular verb.
Biz sanalmaydigan otlarni ko’plikda ishlatmaymiz va ular doimo birlikdagi fe’l bilan ishlatiladi.

• 
  This news is very important.
  
• 
  Your luggage looks heavy.
  

2. We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a "something" of:
Ular a/an artikli bilan qo’lanmaydi: Biz “an information” yoki “a music” deb aytaolmaymiz
 a bottle of water – bir shisha suv
3. We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:
Biz sanalmaydigan otlarni some va any bilan ishlata olamiz. Tarjimasi biroz, ozroq deb tarjima qilinadi.
 Nomozov Boysoat has got some money. – Menda biroz pul bor  Have you got any rice?- Sizda guruch bormi?
4. We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

• 
  Nomozov Boysoat has got a little money. – Menda ozgina pul bor
  
• 
  I haven't got much rice. – Menda ko’p guruch bor
  

Used with Uncountable Nouns Only
much	much money, much time, much food, much water, much energy
little	little trouble, little equipment, little meat, little patience
a little bit of	a little bit of confidence, a little bit of sleep, a little bit of snow

Used with Countable & Uncountable Nouns
the		countable		the monkeys, the schools, the teachers, the boats, the bananas
		uncountable		the cheese, the machinery, the luggage, the grass, the knowledge
some		countable		some tables, some stores, some grapes, some cities, some nurses
		uncountable		some time, some news, some bread, some salt, some mail
any		countable		any forks, any socks, any bathrooms, any waiters, any beliefs
		uncountable		any advice, any soap, any transportation, any gold, any homework
no		countable		no magazines, no chocolates, no pilots, no rings, no markers
		uncountable		no trouble, no grass, no scenery, no money, no furniture
a lot of		countable		a lot of animals, a lot of coins, a lot of immigrants, a lot of babies
		uncountable		a lot of help, a lot of aggravation, a lot of happiness, a lot of fun
lots of		countable		lots of computers, lots of buses, lots of parties, lots of colleges
		uncountable		lots of cake, lots of ice cream, lots of energy, lots of laughter
	enough		countable		enough plates, enough onions, enough restaurants, enough worries
			uncountable		enough courage, enough wisdom, enough spaghetti, enough time
	plenty of		countable		plenty of houses, plenty of concerts, plenty of guitars, plenty of
			uncountable		plenty of oil, plenty of sugar, plenty of cheese, plenty of space

Ba ‘zi otlar ham sanaladigan ham sanalmaydigan otdek ishlatiladi lekin manoda o’zgarish bo’ladi Iron

	iron = material(temir ma’nosida) They tried to change iron into gold- Ular temirni oltinga aylantirishga harakat qildi
	iron = electrical appliance(dazmol manosida) I scorched my dress with the iron- Kiyimimni dazmol bilan kuydirdim Glass
	glass = material(shisha ma’nosida) Glass can be recycled from old bottles- Shisha eski idishlardan qayta ishlana oladi
	glass = container(idish ma’nosida) Champagne was fizzing in the glass – Shampanskiy stakanda vishilayotgandi
	glass = spectacles(ko’zoynak ma’nosida) Tina can’t see without her glasses- Tina ko’zoynaksiz ko’rolmaydi Time
	time = length of an activity(vaqt manosida) How much time did it take you to sing? – Kuylashinga qancha vaqt oldi(ketti)
	time = number of instances(marta manosida) Mary had seen the film many times – Marry o’sha filmni ko’p marta ko’rgan Paper
	paper = material(qog’oz) This book is made of paper – Bu kitob qog’ozdan tayyorlangan
	paper = a report or essay(hisobot insho) He wrote a paper on grammar – U grammatikadan hisobot yozdi
	paper = a newspaper(gazeta) I read about it in the paper – Men uni gazetada o’qidim Work
	work = an activity(ish ma’nosida) (Stop talking and get on with your work – Gaprishdan to’xta va ishingda davom et
	work = a product(asar) This is the work ofShakespeare– Bu asar Shekspirniki