Azizdzhan fazilovich babadjanov

CHAPTER I. CURRENT STATUS OF THE STUDY OF THE INTERACTION OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATER.

§ 1.1. Analysis of the current state of the issue and the role of scientists who contributed to the development of hydrogeology and land reclamation

The use of GIS has increased dramatically in developed countries such as the USA, France, Germany, England, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Russia, Turkey, etc., results have been achieved in development and implementation based on the integration of mathematical modeling methods with information and communication technologies. Because GIS allows you to integrate information from various sources in order to understand it (the results are presented in a visual form) and determine the most important problems in the world around us.
When solving the problem , methods of monitoring the irrigation and reclamation network have made a great contribution to foreign and Russian scientists: V.V. Afonin, E.V. Arzhanukhina, I.S. Dzekser, V.V. Korsak and others.
G.A. Mavlyanov, N.N. Khodjibaev, K.P. Pulatov, E.V. Mavlyanov, Yu.I. Irgashev, F.B. Abutaliev, U.U. Umarov , B.Ya.Neiman, M.A.Pankov, K.M.Aripov, V.G.Samoilenko, V.A.Heints, A.I.Golovanov, M.M. .U.Usmonov, N.N.Kamilov, M.S.Alimov, G.G.Starostina, I.Kh.Khabibullaev, Zh.Kh.Jumanov, S.Kh.Khushvaktov, A.B.Alimbaev, P.P. .Nagevich, O.V. Chebotarev, I.N. Gracheva, V.U. Magdiev and others. others, new data were obtained, which significantly supplemented the existing knowledge base.
In Russia, the use of modeling and geoinformation systems in land reclamation, monitoring systems for reclaimed lands are being developed for use at the federal and regional levels. Computer geoinformation technologies in these systems are aimed at visualizing various reporting data using electronic maps, and not at the tasks of managing the state of groundwater and rocks in the aeration zone , soil fertility in the production of crop products, which can only be solved at the local level, in individual irrigated farms.
The rapid development of industrial, civil and road construction is associated with detailed studies of the hydrogeological and engineering-geological substantiation of territories with a detailed description of Quaternary deposits. The issues of studying, evaluating, mapping and predicting changes in the engineering and geological conditions of territories in connection with the intensification of human engineering and economic activities are reflected in fundamental scientific research, scientists G.A. Mavlyanov , K.P. Pulatov, E.V. Mavlonov , Yu.I. Irgashev and others [35, 72]. Considering the patterns of formation of engineering-geological conditions of the upper and middle reaches of the Zarafshan and Amudarya river basins, the researchers established the variability of the water-filtration properties of soils under the influence of particular factors.
This issue is not new, since the intensive development of large massifs has long suggested the need to study the state of groundwater and rocks in the aeration zone and the changes taking place in them, especially in the conditions of the arid zone, in particular, in various territories of Uzbekistan. In this regard, it is advisable to note the works of N.N. Khodjibaev [74, 85], E.V. Mavlyanov [55], V.P. Samoilenko [79], K.P. Pulatov [56, 57, 74] . ], Yu.I. Irgashev [35, 36], U.U. Umarov [ 82 ] , B.Ya. Neiman [ 63 ] , Yu.P. .M.Aripova [10 ] , Zh.Kh.Jumanov, D.K.Begimkulov and others, who, using the example of the Karshi steppes, studied changes in hydrogeological and engineering-geological conditions and proposed their predictive assessment under the influence of long-term irrigation of virgin lands. The obtained results are confirmed by numerous experimental data on changes in the engineering-geological conditions of the studied territories of the Karshi steppes under the influence of irrigation.
The most important issues related to the formation of genetic types of Quaternary deposits in the central and southeastern parts of the Karshi steppe, their composition and properties were developed in the works of G.A. Mavlyanov, K.P. Pulatov, Yu.I. Irgashev [35, 57, 72], S.A.Altieva [ 8 ], I.U.Usmanova [83], Zh.Kh.Jumanov, D.K.Begimkulov. Prediction of the groundwater regime and engineering-geological conditions in connection with the prospects for the development of urban and settlement construction and hydrogeological and reclamation zoning of the Karshi steppe in connection with its irrigation are considered in detail in dissertations and monographs by Yu.I. Irgashev [36, 38], K. P. Pulatov [72], K.M. Aripov [ 10 ], Yu.P. Isamatov [39], V.U. Magdiev [58], Zh.Kh. others
The production association "Uzbekhydrogeology" carried out scientific and production work to study the engineering and geological conditions of the territory of the first stage of development of the Karshi steppe. To substantiate the irrigation and reclamation state of lands promising for irrigation in the middle reaches of the Kashkadarya River in 1980–1987. complex hydrogeological and engineering-geological surveys were carried out at a scale of 1:50,000. Based on the data obtained, complex hydrogeological and engineering-geological maps were compiled, changes in the depths of occurrence and mineralization of groundwater, their granulometric, mineralogical and salt compositions, as well as filtration, water-physical and physical-mechanical properties of soils in the aeration zone were studied.
Based on long-term studies of Quaternary deposits in the central and southeastern parts of the Karshi steppe, a classification of loess rocks has been developed based on genetic, age characteristics, and physical and mechanical properties of rocks. A scheme for the division of various age and genetic types of Quaternary deposits of the Karshi steppe has been drawn up, based on their genesis and age, composition and physical and mechanical properties [38 ; 96-p. .56 ; With. 19-25 , 57 ; 278-s. ]. The advantage of the scheme is that the types of rocks can be determined in advance during the desk study or at the stage of field studies. At the same time, it does not replace the existing methods and normative documents used in engineering geological research. Their final result is the compilation of a schematic map of engineering-geological zoning and an increase in the seismic intensity of 0, -1, +1, and +2 territories, providing for the rational planning of various settlements and industrial and civil facilities.
The most complete generalizing studies on the study of the state of groundwater and rocks of the aeration zone were carried out by E.S. Dzektser, I.K. Gavich and their associates [33 ; With. 5-11 ]. In their works, the principles of forecasting the state of groundwater are considered, the most harmonious system of its study is proposed, in which the negative consequences of the development of processes are divided into primary and secondary groups.
The general scheme of the stage-by-stage development of the process of geofiltration of the flow of groundwater and rocks of the aeration zone was studied by N.P. Kuranov, A.Zh. Muftahov, A.P. Shevchik, I.M. Byvaltsev [69;130-p.]. They identified three main stages of its development: a) initial, corresponding to the beginning of the construction cycle; b) transitional, covering the period of completion of construction and start of operation; c) the stage of developed flooding, which is characteristic of the long-term operation of areas of mass development and industrial enterprises.
In the studies of V.I. Sologaeva [77; 39-p.], when developing a methodology for studying geofiltration processes, as well as complex, hydrogeological and engineering-geological changes in the properties of the geological environment, showed a noticeable difference in the rates of technogenic transformations of the components of the litho- and hydrosphere.
Z.P. Gavshina and E.S. Dzektser [22;116-p.] developed a classification, where the sources and factors of flooding are divided as follows: by genesis - into artificial (technogenic) and natural (natural); by the scale of impact - on regional and local; according to the activity of the impact - on the forms of the hydrodynamic environment, active and passive; according to the conditions of exposure - in time (permanent, seasonal, periodic and episodic) and in space (evenly and unevenly located); by the nature of the action - in time and space (random and deterministic).
The previously created automated technologies for managing the reclamation complex were designed for use in organizations at the level of the irrigation system, administrative district or region. Software and information tools aimed at organizing rational nature management at the local level - within the framework of individual land users on personal computers installed in farms - were practically not developed.
During the years of independence, large-scale measures have been taken to assess drinking water resources, calculate and effectively monitor groundwater reserves, and mathematically model geofiltration processes in multilayer porous media, i.e. complex hydrogeological conditions, introduction of information technologies. The new development strategy of Uzbekistan for 2022-2026 sets out tasks, including “... the rapid development of the national economy and high growth rates, ... the creation of a system for training qualified personnel with the widespread introduction of modern educational standards in the field of geology and the implementation of research results . Successful implementation of these tasks includes monitoring, analysis and efficient use of complex hydrogeological systems, information support for the process of unstable geofiltration in the hydrosphere, development of mathematical models, algorithms and software.
In Uzbekistan, as well as throughout the world, many cities and settlements located in the foothill (Tashkent, Fergana, Karshi, Andijan, Jizzakh), flat (Bukhara, Urgench, Khiva, Yangiyul, etc.) and above floodplain zones of flat river plains (Gulistan, Rishtan, Kokand, Urgench, Nukus, Muynak, Kungrad, etc.). In many flood-prone settlements of the republic, located on foothills, often floodplains and low areas, the processes of technogenic flooding of built-up areas are superimposed on natural flooding associated with seasonal and long-term rises in groundwater levels. There is a progressive flooding of large cities, regional centers and settlements that are part of the Kashkadarya, Syrdarya, Fergana, Khorezm, Bukhara regions, the Republic of Karakalpakstan and other regions.
Insufficiently taken into account in the previously created computer programs and software systems are the achievements of meliorative science and technology, environmental requirements for agricultural technologies, the need to integrate decision support systems and software and information tools for monitoring reclaimed lands.
Actually, the developments of stationary hydrogeological studies of the past and the present allow you to design a new system and run it into operation. In the short term stationary hydrogeological studies, achieved timely technological level, will appear as a groundwater monitoring system. All the studies carried out as part of the modernization and optimization of the observation network should be added here. These activities are carried out in accordance with the regulation on State monitoring , which provides for the automation and informatization of this branch of hydrogeology.
Monitoring of the state of groundwater is a system of regular observations of changes in the level of groundwater and rocks in the aeration zone under the influence of natural and technogenic factors, directly connected organizationally and methodically with the solution of problems of forecasting and managing resources, the regime and quality of groundwater.
At present, measures are being taken to assess the state of hydrogeological and reclamation conditions and the rational use of ICT based on GIS, the compilation and use of digital graphic databases, the conduct of effective monitoring and automated control, the improvement of methods for mathematical and geoinformation modeling of network analysis processes and the ratio of available links in the network monitoring of reclamation zones.
A number of scientists were engaged in improving the methods of mathematical modeling of geofiltration processes in solving such problems as assessing groundwater resources and hydrogeological reclamation systems, as well as problems of groundwater geofiltration in multilayer porous media: Yu.Ch.Ya.Polubarinova-Kochina, Yu.Frid, I K. Gavich, A. A. Samarsky, V. Kinzelbakh, L. Lukner, V. M. Shestakov, V. M. Mironenko, V. G. Rumynin and others in their scientific works, they considered various issues of using mathematical modeling and software tools.
When developing mathematical models and methods for calculating hydrogeological processes in Uzbekistan, F.B. Abutaliev, U.U. Umarov, I. Khabibullaev, A. Nematov, R. N. Usmanov, N. Ravshanov, Zh. and other scientists have achieved significant scientific results.
The problems of integration of methods for the complex analysis of hydrogeological processes based on mathematical modeling and computational experiments are considered, taking into account the peculiarities of the regional distribution of hydrogeological processes and elements of the methodology for monitoring the state of groundwater at the present time. The creation of a mathematical model of the processes of groundwater geofiltration in multilayer porous media depends on the classification of the rock mass in the hydrosphere of the region, water-retaining properties, physical and mechanical properties, and the degree of continuity. In this regard, the results achieved so far on the study of the level and condition are not sufficiently represented for decision-making.
The review and analysis of the literature showed the effectiveness, the possibility of successful and effective application of GIS technologies in the field of land reclamation, geology, hydrogeology and engineering geology, as well as the demand for GIS technologies and GIS specialists in these industries.
For the territory of Uzbekistan, criteria have been established for conducting regional and local monitoring in various geological and engineering-geological conditions, which have regional and local application and are used not only in the assessment and forecast of hydromineral resources, but also in the study of geoecological conditions.
Along with a deep analysis of the results of studies of previous years, on the scale of the Karshi steppe and adjacent adjacent territories, the actual materials of hydrogeological and engineering-geological surveys of various scales were obtained, which allow obtaining new ideas about the ongoing processes with the development of new models. The need to create modern digital hydrogeological models for flooding and drainage areas, in particular the city of Karshi and adjacent areas, is associated with an intensive rise in groundwater levels.
Separate issues of theory and practice, the study of the state of groundwater and rocks of the aeration zone in industrial and urban construction were considered in the works of M.T. Adikov, V.E. Ampilov, B.L. Gorlovsky, B.M. Degtyarev, E.S. , V.S. Zilberg, N.P. Kuranov, A.Zh. Muftahova, V.I. Sologaeva, O.V. Slinko, Ya.S. .[33, 76, 77 ]. A. Zh. Muftakhov [61; With. 20-24, 69; 130-s. ], who developed the hydrodynamic foundations for flood forecasts and filtration calculations of protective drainage in difficult hydrogeological conditions and proposed a number of original design schemes [46; 42-p.], included in many official publications of a regulatory and methodological nature on flood forecasting and organization of protective measures. These include SP 104.13330.2016 - Code of Rules, "Engineering protection of the territory from flooding and flooding", ShNK 1.02.09-15 "Engineering and geological surveys for construction" [2 4; 157-p., 80; 48-s ], containing analytical solutions on filtration theory and engineering surveys.
K.P. Pulatov, Yu.Irgashev, Yu.P.Isamatov, D.K.Begimkulov [37; With. 130-134, 71; With. 106-110, 73; With. 157-167] conducted research in the territories of the city of Karshi, the village of Navruz and the Karshi steppe. The main tasks of engineering-geological mapping of subsidence loess rocks were the determination and prediction of specific possible values of subsidence during water saturation of the loess layer. In this case, the values of subsidence were determined at a pressure equal to natural, and for each layer, the coefficient of relative subsidence was calculated. The result of the research was a map of the forecast of subsidence of the study area at a scale of 1: 10000. Along with this, the authors considered the main causes of flooding due to the expansion of irrigated areas and the deterioration of the ameliorative state of the territory. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors come to the conclusion that the thickness of cover loams and underlying sands in the studied area is a single, complex aquifer of groundwater.
A detailed analysis of the current state of knowledge of the issue of flooding urban areas showed that its main causes are the state of geomorphological, hydrogeological and engineering-geological conditions, as well as the use and expansion of developed and newly developed territories. The solution to the problem of flooding at the present stage of development of urban areas is modern geoinformation technologies.