Azizdzhan fazilovich babadjanov

§ 1.3. Modern geo -information technologies, used to solve the problems of reclamation hydrogeology

The origin of geoinformation technology was laid in 1930-1940s . In the former Soviet Union, problems of a stationary nature were mainly raised, in which filtration problems were solved on the basis of using the method of conformal mappings. Its characteristic feature was that it provided the opportunity to solve two-dimensional problems (pressure and non-pressure), known as hydrodynamic or hydromechanical [75;546-p.].
The database of electronic maps and information of a factual nature, which are intended for hydrogeological objects, form the basis of hydrogeological information. Its introduction into GIS technology contributes to the creation of a system of hydrogeological information content [26;258-p.].
This system is a modern computer technology that provides electronic data on various areas of the development of society, including mapping, geological structure, hydrogeological conditions, hydrosphere. It concentrates numerous operations with databases of a traditional nature in terms of volumetric visualization and geographical location, due to the analysis of phenomena and events of the geological environment and their forecast. Along with this, the system highlights the main factors, causes, expected consequences, offers measures and strategic decisions and the likely consequences of the actions being implemented [68; 788-p.].
Hydrogeological information on the state of groundwater and rocks in the aeration zone contains maps of actual data on observation and production wells, rivers, canals, collectors, which are affected by evaporation and infiltration. The ArcGIS system is used to implement the program [91;258-p.].
As is known, the geological environment (hydrogeological and engineering-geological conditions) is entirely dependent on natural and man-made factors. In this regard, the dissertation focuses on the study of the geological (lithofacies complex of Quaternary deposits), tectonic and geomorphological structure, hydrogeological conditions and their changes under the influence of human engineering and economic activities (changes in relief, groundwater wedging out, their flooding, etc.). d.).
Based on many years of experience and the results of scientific developments, he set the following task for research: to determine the interaction between various components of the geological environment, to establish the causes of this interaction, to identify the relationship between natural and man-made factors, to assess the hydrodynamic interaction of aquifers (layers) in plan and section, and etc. In general, the study involved obtaining objective information about the properties of the geological environment, as well as groundwater and their change over time. To solve the problem, the extensive fund, scientific literature and other information sources with geographical coordinates were critically worked out and analyzed in detail.
It should be emphasized that determining the balance of groundwater and its individual elements is of great importance in solving the problem. It is specified on a specific area for a certain period of time (annual, seasonal, long-term average, etc.). The balance includes inflow (infiltration, groundwater inflow into the balance contour, overflow from other aquifers) and water outflow (groundwater outflow, withdrawal, wedging out - hidden in the river, drains and open - spring; total evaporation). The most intensified infiltration is noted from reservoirs, irrigation networks and land irrigation. Often, guided by the practical goal of simplifying the process of assessing balance elements, the calculations do not take into account certain components that have little effect on their accuracy.
GIS technologies play a significant role in obtaining an objective assessment of the balance. Since 2010, they have changed significantly. Nowadays, GIS technologies combine and systematize powerful flows of diverse information that comes from a variety of services and departments. GIS technologies provide opportunities for the introduction of hydrogeological, engineering-geological and geoecological data at the modern information level.
Among the main problems of urbanized territories is the evolution of hydrogeological systems, due to the consequences of complex interactions. This predetermines the interest in attracting data on the dynamic state of the urban environment. In this regard, a special role is assigned to the underground hydrosphere as an important element of the geological environment, which is characterized by the greatest mobility. Meanwhile, in calculations for the forecast, they proceed from the potential transformation of hydrogeological conditions, which lead to negative consequences and a quantitative change in filtration flows [66; 22-p.].
The main advantage of using GIS technologies is the possibility of conducting a general analysis of diverse cartographic information in the form of base maps of a built-up area: geological, hydrogeological, engineering-geological, technogenic. In particular, in the studies of D.K. Begimkulov and Zh.Zh. Zhumanov [ 13; With. 236-242 ] contains visualized geological and hydrogeological information, electronic maps, with which you can determine the geological and hydrogeological conditions for a particular area in a particular period of the year.
The thoroughness of the material depends on the degree of knowledge of the territory and can increase over time with the constant replenishment of the actualization of geological and technical databases. With the joint processing of electronic maps or their elements, you can get results that are not available or very time consuming with the traditional use of cartographic material. In general, for the preparation of maps, data gradation can be carried out not only by rivers, canals and settlements, but also by such parameters as the hydrogeological region, wells, absolute marks of the earth's surface, the level of ground and underground waters, their chemical composition, etc. from this information, the results can be presented in the form of a table.
Supporting subsystems typically include the following [26;258 -s ]:
1. Geoinformation support - methods and tools for building a geoinformation base of the system, which includes the collection, input, systematization of geological and hydrogeological data, classification, coding of information, proven document systems, information flow diagrams, principles and methods for creating databases.
2. Technical support - technical means used in the technological process of converting information in the system, represented by computers, scanners, office equipment, peripheral equipment, equipment, data transmission channels, etc.
3. Software - a cycle of regular programs for solving functional problems, and programs that provide for the effective use of computer technology - Windows operating systems , modern software products ArcGIS , ModFlow , etc. for ease of use.
4. Organizational support - methods and means of interaction of employees with technical equipment and among themselves in the development and management of the system, as well as specialists, language tools used in it in order to improve the quality of its development and facilitate communication between a person and a machine.
5. Mathematical support - equations, boundary conditions, calculations, etc., necessary for the formal description of problems - mathematical or algorithmic. At the same time, the higher the accuracy of the mathematical description of the problem, the higher the possibilities of computer data processing and, consequently, the lower the degree of human participation in this process.
The structure of the geoinformation system is shown in fig. 1.2.
The most important principles for building effective information systems include the following [26;258- p. ]:
The principle of integration - consists in repeated use in solving a significant number of problems once entered into the system of geographical, geological-hydrogeological and hydrological data.
The principle of consistency - consists in the multi-aspect processing of geological and hydrogeological data containing the information necessary for decision-making at any level of management.
The principle of complexity - consists in the mechanization and semi-automation of data processing processes at each stage of the functioning of the information system. This means the analysis, processing, systematization of the entered geological and hydrogeological information into the ArcGIS system and its use as input data for the Modflow module . Moreover, the results of the model can be transferred back to the ArcGIS system , etc. for comparison and construction of thematic maps.

Figure. 1.2. Structure of a geographic information system