Б. С. Хаймович, Б. И. Роговская теоретическая грамматика английского языка

When I first met Hickson, I could have kissed his beauti­ful boots. I loved them for themselves. (Cary).
You may be letting yourselves out nicely, but I can't. Nor can mother. (Priestley).

§ 157. Self-pronouns are often used in apposition for emphasis. Dickson's view on the Middle Ages them­selves would have to wait until another time. (Amis).

Some linguists regard the self-pronouns used for emphasis as a separate group of emphatic pronouns. In colloquial speech there is a marked tendency to use emphatic pronouns as synonyms of personal ones. Perhaps, the usage is caused by the fact that self-pronouns are felt to carry more weight than unstressed personal pronouns.
E. g. My wife and myself were left behind. (Daily Worker).

Demonstrative Pronouns

§ 158. Usually only the pronouns this (these), that (those), such and (the) same-are regarded as demonstrative. But even this small group is not homogeneous. The pronouns this — that (these — those) are correlative. The sphere of this or these is the space or time close to the speaker and the moment of speech, whereas the sphere of that and those is the time or space farther away from the speaker and the moment of speech.

The pronouns such and (the) same have no correlative pronouns. They indicate objects or qualities by comparison with those pointed at by the speaker.
Now similar relations can be found in other pronouns. The words here and there meaning 'in this (that) place', now and then meaning 'at this (that) time', hence and thence mean­ing 'from this (that) time (place)' are similar to this and that m their relations to the speaker and the moment of speech. Since they do not name any place or time, but indi­cate it, and this indication is particular, variable and rela-tive with regard to the speaker and the situation of speech, they are pronouns.
The words so and thus in the meaning 'in this way' are pronouns like such and (the) same. They have no correlative words and indicate the manner of actions by comparison with those pointed at by the speaker.

§ 159. Demonstrative pronouns can be:

Pro-nouns: Since the interval she had left him alone and illogically he regretted that. (Randall). Т h i s is pretty slick, eh? (Lewis);
Pro-adjectives: These continental rooms are always overpoweringly stuffy. (Randall). He was entering a year of such activity as he had never known. (Lewis);
Pro-adverbs: My aunt has grown accustomed to the atmosphere, but I can never do s o. (Randall). Thus nobly endowed, he was popular with audiences. (Lewis).

§ 160. This — these, that — those are number opposemes. The grammatical meanings of 'singular' and 'plural number are also preserved when these pronouns are used as pro-adjectives, thus involving grammatical combinability: this book, these books.

As elsewhere the 'singular' members of the opposemes occur in speech much more often than the 'plural' opposites, the ratio being approximately 9:1.

Interrogative Pronouns

§ 161. The meaning that unites the interrogative pronouns is "an inquiry" about some object (what, who), its properties (whose, which, what), place of some event (where), its time (when), cause (why), manner of existence (how).

As seen from the above, this group embraces pro-nouns (what, who, which, whose), pro-adjectives (what, which) and pro-adverbs (where, when, why, how).
Who and what are regularly used to distinguish "persons" and "non-persons". What is, however, used in reference to living beings as well when the inquiry concerns the occupa­tion of the person spoken about, as in What is he? He is a student.

§ 162. The pronoun who is the only interrogative pronoun which has a case opposite, whom, as in Whom did you meet?

However we observe here a distinct tendency to substi­tute the nominative case (who) for thе objective (whom), which may eventually bring about the obliteration of case distinctions in the interrogative pronouns.
E. g. I went to the pictures. Who with? ¹ Who are you trying to deceive? (Buck)
Note. The unmarked member of the case opposeme who — whom occurs, as Usual, more often than the marked member (whom). The ratio is approximately 9:1.
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1} See M. West and P. F. Kimber. Deskbook of Correct English, Lnd., 1957, p. 168: "To whom did you give if?" is correct, but stilted; it should be used only in formal writing, or in speeches, sermons, etc. Elsewhere "Who did you give it to?" is the accepted form. "Whom did you give it to?" is a hybrid and has no justification.

§ 163. The interrogative pronouns are used to form a definite type of sentence — special questions.

Who told you that? What is the charge? (Hanley), Charles Fries writes: "The expression Who came? signals a question not because of a different arrangement, but solely because the signal of question is in the word who as a word".

Connective Pronouns

§ 164. The pronouns who, what, which, whose, thai, where, when, why, how are called 'connective' when they serve to connect clauses in complex sentences. At the same time they retain their meanings and functions of pro-nouns, pro-adjectives or pro-adverbs. This combination of functions is a typi-cal feature of the connective pronouns.

In accordance with their meaning and the types of clauses they introduce they fall into two groups: conjunctive pro­nouns and relative pronouns.

§ 165. Conjunctive pronouns serving to introduce subject, predicative object and appositive clauses (sometimes united under the general name of "noun clauses" ') present a curious combination of a demonstrative meaning with that of a con­junction. In W h a t he knows is no longer a secret (Christie) what is equivalent to the Russian то, что... . Hence the term condensed pronouns used by some authors. The essence of the matter is that the antecedent of such a pronoun is not expressed either by a noun or a noun equivalent, the pro­noun itself doing duty for the antecedent as well.

Compound conjunctive pronouns in -ever (whoever, whatever, wherever, etc.) have an emphatic nature owing to which they may be used to introduce adverbial clauses of concession as well.
Don't change your plans, whatever happens. (Hornby).
Whatever he says is of no importance.

§ 166. Relative pronouns are likewise used to introduce subordinate clauses. What makes them different from conjlmc-tive pronouns is a) that they serve to introduce but one type of subordinate clauses — the so-called 'relative' clauses — a variety of attributive clauses, -and b) that they are always correlated with some antecedent in the principal clause.

E. g. All the while these two solitary strollers did not for a moment think on coincidence, which lingers at man's elbow with every crowd in every town. (Bradbury).
Antonio walked from the lumberyard to a window where stood fine new beds. (Ib.).
One. of those few e v e n i n g s w h e n he worked late she visited with any one of several neighbours. (Bradbury).
Relative pronouns, like interrogative and conjunctive ones, distinguish 'person' and 'non-person' in opposing who used in reference to persons to which used in reference to non-persons.
Whose and that are applied both to persons and things.

§ 167. As mentioned above, both conjunctive and rela­tive pronouns fulfil a double syntactical function in the sen­tence: they are used as some part of the subordinate clause and as a connective structural element at the same time.

E. g. They all smiled upon that genius who now circled them with his arms. (Bradbury).
The relative pronoun who introducing the attribute clause is the subject of the subordinate clause.

Reciprocal Pronouns

§ 168. These are the group-pronouns — each other and one another. They serve to express mutuality, as in They helped each other (one another).

It is traditionally maintained that each other implies only two and one another more than two, but this rule is often ignored, one another and each other becoming interchange­able.
We (two persons) ran across one another one morning near the Menin Gate — the place they called Hell Fire Corner. (Oxenham).

§ 169. The reciprocal pronouns share the noun case system.