Base and derived adjectives Table of contents

Object of the coursework: The process of introducing derived adjectives to grammatical features
The subject of the course work: Skills of familiarizing with the grammatical features of derived adjectives
Practical importance of course work. It serves to effectively use the ideas, approaches and results of the course work, which ensure their effectiveness, in the preparation of lectures on pedagogical subjects, in the creation of manuals, as well as in the creation of methodological recommendations, in popularizing work experiences.
The structural structure and volume of the course work: the work consists of an introduction, 2 chapters, 4 sections, general conclusions and recommendations, a list of used literature.

Chapter 1 . Lexico-grammatical categories of the adjective

Depending on the meaning and grammatical properties, adjectives are usually divided into three categories:
1.derived ;
2.possessive;
3.quality.
1.1 Derived adjectives
Adjectives are called derived adjectives that express the attribute of an object through the relation of this object to other objects: a student card - `student ticket`, as well as materials, actions and states: a woolen suit, a reading room, sleeping places, spatial and temporal landmarks: a regional theater, forests near Moscow , morning Post.
Derived adjectives do not form degrees of comparison, they are not combined with adverbs of measure and degree of the type very, very, it is impossible to form forms of subjective assessment, short forms from them. They do not have antonyms, do not form abstract nouns.
1.2 Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives indicate that an object belongs to a certain person or (less often) to an animal. The semantic basis of possessive adjectives is an indication of the owner - the individual.
As a rule, possessive adjectives are formed from nouns denoting animated objects, using the suffixes -in, -nin, -n-iy, -ov, -ev, -sk-iy. For example: Liza - Lysin; Papa-Papin; Pushkin - Pushkin (Pushkin's apartment).
Possessive adjectives derived from nouns denoting inanimate objects are very rare. Their use is characteristic of the individual style of individual authors, for example, V.V. Mayakovsky: rib arches, blanket quilting; at N.S. Tikhonov: bird cherry rays².
The use of possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in, -nin, -ov(s) in free phrases is limited to colloquial styles of the language.
1.3 Qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size (small), shape (round), color (white), physical characteristics (warm ) , as well as the propensity of the object to perform an action (prickly).
Qualitative adjectives differ from derived and possessive adjectives at all language levels:
1) only qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;
2) quality adjectives can have antonyms (quiet - loud);
3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, derived and possessive ones are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;
4) from qualitative adjectives, nouns are formed with the meaning of an abstract feature (strictness) and adverbs in -o (strictly), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix (sin-enky, evil-yush-y);
5) only qualitative adjectives have a full / short form and degrees of comparison;
6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very cheerful).

Chapter 2. Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Adjectives have two degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
2.1 Comparative degree
The comparative degree of an adjective means that some feature is manifested in one subject to a greater or lesser extent than in another.
The comparative degree is simple and complex. A simple comparative degree is formed using suffixes:
-her (s): beautiful - more beautiful, bold - bolder, cold - colder;
-e (with alternation of the last consonant of the stem or without alternation): large - more, short - shorter, sweet - sweeter;
-she: old - older, young - younger.
Sometimes, when forming the comparative degree of an adjective, another root is used: Good - better, bad - worse, small - less.
A complex comparative degree is formed from the full form of the positive degree of the adjective with the help of particles more and less: Big - more / less large, beautiful - more / less beautiful.
The complex form of the comparative degree, like the full form of the positive degree of adjectives, changes according to gender, numbers and cases.
2.2 Superlatives
A superlative degree means that some feature is manifested in one subject to the greatest or least degree: He is my best friend; She is the prettiest girl in our class.
Superlatives can be simple and complex:
A simple superlative degree is formed using the suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-.
Beautiful - the most beautiful, soft - the softest, kind - the kindest.
Sometimes, when forming the superlative degree of an adjective, a different root is used:
Good is the best, bad is the worst.
A complex superlative degree is formed from the full form of the positive degree of the adjective using the particles most, most and least: Large - the most / most / least large, beautiful - the most / most / least beautiful.
Adjectives in the superlative degree, like the full forms of the positive degree of adjectives, change in gender, number and case.
When forming a comparative and superlative degree, one cannot simultaneously use a simple and complex form of degrees of comparison.
Incorrect: prettier, heavier, calmer.
When spelling adjective suffixes, several types of rules can be distinguished:
1) spelling of vowels in adjective suffixes;
2) spelling of consonants in adjective suffixes;
3) spelling н and нн in adjectives not formed from verbs;
Spelling of vowels in adjective suffixes:
a) suffixes -chiv-, liv- are written with a vowel and:
arrogant, caring;
b) the suffix -iv- is written under stress:
lazy;
suffix -ev- - in unstressed position:
combat.
Exceptions: merciful, foolish;
c) suffixes -ov-, -ovat- are written after solid consonants:
age-old, guilty;
suffixes -ev-, -evat- are written after soft consonants, hissing and c:
lilac, pimpled.
d) the suffix -onk- is written after g, k, x:
light, quiet;
suffix -enk- - after all other letters:
dove.
e) usually in adjectives formed from geographical names, the suffix -ensk- is written:
Grozny, Frunze;
the suffix -insk- is written in the following cases:
If the adjective is formed from place names ending in -а, -я:
Yalta > Yalta, Yelnya > Elninsky.
Exceptions: Penza, Presnensky;
If the adjective is formed from geographical names in -i, -ы:
Khimki > Khimki;
e) in adjectives in -chi, formed from nouns in -shka, before h:
In an unstressed position, e is written:
frog > frog;
Under stress - a:
frog > frog.
g) two adjectives can be formed from the noun wind - with the suffix -en- (windy) and with the suffix -yan- (windy).
The adjective windy has the meaning "with the wind" in the literal or figurative sense (cf .: windy day - a day with the wind; windy man > anemone, anemone - a person with a wind in his head).
The adjective windy has the meaning "with the help of the wind" (windmill - set in motion with the help of the wind; chicken pox - spreads through the air with the help of the wind);
h) two adjectives can be formed from the noun oil - with the suffix -en- (oily) and with the suffix -yan- (oily).
The adjective oily has the meaning "soaked, oiled, stained with oil" in the literal and figurative sense (cf .: oily pancake, oily porridge, oily trousers - oily eyes, oily week > Shrovetide).
The adjective oil has the meaning "from oil, in oil, for oil" (oil stain - oil stain, oil paints - paints in oil, from oil, oil pump - a pump running on oil);
i) the adjective today is written with the vowel i.