Basic level: This level is for a period of nine years and it comprises of Primary Education and Junior Secondary Education. Post basic level

LITERATURE REVIEW

One the reading

The early education of children, more specifically reading and literacy skills is the foundation upon which all later academic success built, (Salisu, 2020). Pupils who do not learn how to read by class 3 are more likely to drop out of school early and despite the importance of reading on the academic achievement of learners, some nations of the world (particularly African countries such as Nigeria) are yet to regard reading as a subject in the primary school curriculum (Florida State University & Creative Associates, Intl, 2018).

Reading is not simple to teach and as some people may think. Reading component skill comprised some basic skills such as: phonics, vocabulary, reading fluency, oral language, comprehension and writing. Teaching these skills separately and relation to each other shows that reading is much more complex then how teachers, curriculum planners, educational administrators, and parents may think. However, for one to become in literate he/she must mater all these skills this also applies across all the languages. Though, the characteristics specific to each language may influence the way that the separate skills are taught, (Kim, Boyle, Zuilkowski & Nakamura, 2016).

Teaching effective reading skills to school children today includes the 5Ts and C: teaching, time, text, testing, tongue and curriculum. These qualities represent the most important aspects of literacy instruction specific to what happens in the classroom on a daily basis; and much of current research related to early grade literacy instruction addresses at least one of these aspects, (Creative Associates International, Inc., 2017a), (e.g. Bulat et al., 2017)