Biographical encyclopedia
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ASIMOV’S BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA of SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY
ISAAC ASIMOV Second Revised Edition v| Doubledßy NEW YORK LONDON TORONTO SYDNEY AUCKLAND Published by Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 666 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10103 Doubleday and the portrayal of an anchor with a dolphin are trademarks of Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. PICTURE CREDITS Numbers 4, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 27, 34, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 73, 74: The Bettmann Archive Numbers 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 78, 79, 86, 92: Wide World Photos Numbers 59, 72, 75, 76: Lotte Jacobi Number 3: Musée du Louvre Number 25: Town Hall Committee of the Manchester Corporation Numbers 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93: United Press International Photos ISBN:
0-385-17771-2 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 81-47861 c o p y r ig h t © 1964, 1972, 1982 by I
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TO MY DAUGHTER, ROBYN, FOR HER PATIENCE AND FOR HER GOODNESS OF HEART
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK The 1510 biographical entries are arranged in chronological order, not alpha betical. They are numbered from 1 to 1510 and this numbering system I con sider more significant than the page numbers. It is, in my opinion, the individual biography and not the page that should be taken as the unit of reference. For this reason the index references at the end are by biography number and not by page number. In a very few cases, this means searching through several pages; in most, it means a glance through less than one page. To help find individual scientists to begin with, I have supplied a table of con tents at the start in which all the biographical entries are listed in alphabetical order, with the biography number given for each. In the body of each biography I have inserted numerous cross references (again to biography number rather than page number). It may be that some readers dipping into the book at random, or with the purpose of looking up a particular individual, will be lured into looking up the cross references, then into chasing after the new cross references. If they do so assiduously enough, they will find that, no matter where they start, they are likely to end by reading the whole book. But then, science is a complex skein, intricately interknotted across the arti ficial boundaries we draw only that we may the more easily encompass its parts in our mind. Pick up any thread of that skein and the whole structure will fol low.
And so it is with this book. I saac A sim ov
PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION This time I have introduced no changes in the format of the Encyclopedia; I have merely enlarged it. I have added 310 additional biographies, about half of them taken from contemporary scientists and half distributed through time. The total is now 1510. Of the biographies that were present in the previous edition, most have been slightly enlarged as I gathered additional information about each scientist. This edition is, therefore, substantially larger than the previous one. Nevertheless, it is still entirely a one-man job. No one else but myself (and my good editor) has touched it. This means that, although I have corrected a number of errors and misstatements in the earlier editions, I am very likely to have overlooked some and to have introduced others. I take the full responsi bility for that and, as always, I welcome corrections and comments from my readers.
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New York, New York April 1981 PREFACE TO THE FIRST REVISED EDITION The differences between this revised edition and the first are as follows: (1) Almost every biography has been enlarged and, when necessary, altered, in accordance with the findings of my continuing researches over the last five years. (2) Nearly two hundred new biographies, including recent Nobel Prize win ners and a number of earlier individuals (even a few ancient Greeks), have been added. (3) I have abolished the system of main biographies and “footnote” biog raphies as an element of artificiality and now list all entries, without exception, in strict chronological order according to birth. (4) I have added a contents section at the front of the book in which all en tries are listed alphabetically, with their biography number, for easy reference. I must now repeat what I said in the preface to the first edition, to the effect that I alone am responsible for the choice of those to include and for the deci sion as to how much space to give each person— and, of course, for all errors, omissions, and infelicities. The “alone” part is stronger than some people realize, I think, for from a number of comments I have received in connection with the first edition, I have detected some tendency to take it for granted that the book is a community en deavor and that I have headed a sizable team engaged in research and in writing.
This is not so! I alone have done every bit of the necessary research and writ ing; and without any assistance whatever, not even that of a typist. This is not because of any parsimony on the part of Doubleday & Company, my esteemed publishers. They have been generous in their offers to finance research and secretarial assistance but I have— quite deliberately— refused those offers. It means, of course, that, as a lone worker, I am incomplete in places where some help might have brought matters to completion; and wrong outright, in some places where a little help might have righted me. On the other hand, be cause the book is the product of one mind and two hands and no more (except for the invaluable editing the manuscript received at Doubleday) it has its own particular flavor, style, and point of view—whether for good or ill— throughout. And besides, the book is a labor of love, and I loved it far too much to want to share it in the slightest. I saac A sim o v
New York, New York August 1971 FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION It is not likely that anyone will be overcome by the novelty of a history of science. There are any number of such histories. Therefore I had better explain just how this one differs and why I feel justified in adding it to the list. First: In this book the history of science is told through biographies (biog raphies that concentrate on the subjects’ scientific labors, of course, rather than their private lives). This has its shortcomings, for it makes it easy to leave gaps and to become repetitious. Yet it has the great merit, in my opinion, of stressing the fact that scientific knowledge is the painfully gathered product of thousands of wonderful, but fallible, human minds. Nor are these scientists more than human. In writing of them I have tried to stress this fact and to show that even the greatest among them went wrong on occasion or stubbornly lost step.
and devote chapters to each, as is often done in histories of science. When this is done, the sense of the panorama is easily lost. The scientists included in this book are listed in chronological order of birth. You will encounter what might seem a bewildering succession of chemists, mathematicians, inventors, explor ers, physicists, astronomers, biologists, and physicians. But in real life, after all, that is precisely how science advances, and a chemist does his work in a world in which not only chemistry has reached a certain point but all other branches of science as well. There is interaction among the branches, as I hope this book will show, and the nature of the interaction depends upon the point which all the branches, and not only one, have reached.
off as modem times are approached. The foundations of modem science were laid in the days of ancient Greece during the five centuries from 600 B.c. to 100
B.c. and in early modem times from a .
. 1600 to 1800. Since foundations are extremely important, these centuries are stressed in most histories of science and it is not uncommon to give them more than half the total space. On the other hand, the period after 1800, and particularly after 1900, wit nesses so remarkable an increase in the complexity of science and in its rate of growth that it is quite impractical to attempt to deal with all of it. The tempta tion is to grow sketchier as the present is approached, and I have had to do this to a certain extent. It is said, after all, that ninety percent of all scientists who have ever lived are alive now. It is also said that as many scientific papers have been published in the years since 1950 as were published in all the centuries be fore 1950. Clearly I could not devote nine-tenths of this book to living scientists and half of it to post-1950 developments. XV
I have, however, done my best to give recent decades as much room as is rea sonable, after giving all due space to the foundations. This means that the book ends by being considerably longer than either my publishers or I had expected. All decisions as to whom to include or exclude, to whom to devote much space and to whom little, were made by me. And, of course, for all errors of fact I am likewise responsible. Naturally the book cannot help but reflect my own intellectual shortcomings. While I try to acquaint myself with as much of science as I can, it is not possi ble for the human mind to encompass all of it. There are some segments of science I understand less than others, and I’m sure the book will show which those are. During the many months I have lived with this book, I gained a feeling of continuity in the steady progression of scientists and technologists. The refer ences back and forth across space and time gave me the illusion that all was happening at once, that across the centuries as well as the oceans there was a brotherhood of the mind. This brotherhood is a small one, to be sure. If it is true that five percent of all the human beings who have ever lived are now alive— as I have heard said— then sixty billion men and women have lived and died upon this planet since our species arose. Out of the sixty billion more than one thousand have biog raphies in this book. Certainly my listing is not complete. Though I believe I have included most of the major contributors to scientific advance, I am willing to admit that the total number who have contributed significantly may be ten times as great. Even so, this would mean that the advance of science throughout history has de pended on the eagerly working minds of no more than one man in six million! I saac
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West Newton, Massachusetts March 1964 xvi ALPHABETICAL LIST OF BIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES {Numbers in brackets are entry numbers, not page numbers.) ABBE, Cleveland [738] ABEGG, Richard Wilhelm Heinrich [978]
ABEL, Sir Frederick Augustus [673] ABEL, John Jacob [877] ABEL, Niels Henrik [527] ABELARD, Peter [88] ABELSON, Philip Hauge [1383] ABNEY, Sir William de Wiveleslie [765] ACHESON, Edward Goodrich [863] ADAMS, John Couch [615] ADAMS, Walter Sydney [1045] ADDISON, Thomas [482] ADELARD OF BATH [89] ADLER, Alfred [984] ADRIAN, Edgar Douglas, Baron [1137]
AGASSIZ, Jean Louis Rodolphe [551] AGRICOLA, Georgius [132] AHMOSE [2] AIRY, Sir George Biddell [523] ALBATEGNIUS [83] ALBERTI, Leone Battista [117] ALBERTUS MAGNUS [96] ALCMAEON [11] ALCUIN [77] ALDER, Kurt [1254] ALDEROTTI, Tadeo [101] ALFONSO X [100] ALFRED THE GREAT [81] ALFVEN, Hannes Olof Gosta [1335] ALHAZEN [85] AL-KHWARIZMI, Muhammed ibn Musa [79] ALLBUTT, Sir Thomas Clifford [720] ALPINI, Prospero [160] ALVAREZ, Luis Walter [1363] AMAGAT, Emile Hilaire [751] AMBARTZUMIAN, Victor Amazaspovich [1338] AMICI, Giovanni Battista [447] AMONTONS, Guillaume [244] AMPERE, André Marie [407] AMUNDSEN, Roald Engelbregt [1008] ANAXAGORAS [14] ANAXIMANDER [4] ANAXIMENES [5] ANDERSON, Carl David [1292] ANDERSON, Philip Warren [1458] ANDREWS, Roy Chapman [1091] ANDREWS, Thomas [580] ANFINSEN, Christian Boehmer [1403] ANGSTROM, Anders Jonas [585] APIAN, Peter [133] APOLLONIUS [49] APPERT, Nicolas [359] APPLETON, Sir Edward Victor [1158] AQUINAS, Saint Thomas [102] ARAGO, Dominique François Jean [446] ARBER, Werner [1485] ARCHER, Frederick Scott [577] ARCHIMEDES [47] ARCHYTAS [25] ARGELANDER, Friedrich Wilhelm August [508] ARISTARCHUS [41] ARISTOTLE [29] ARKWRIGHT, Sir Richard [311] ARMSTRONG, Edwin Howard [1143] ARMSTRONG, Neil Alden [1492] ARNOLD OF VILLANOVA [103]
CONTENTS ARREST, Heinrich Ludwig d’ [639] ARRHENIUS, Svante August [894] ARTSIMOVICH, Lev Andreevich [1343] ASTBURY, William Thomas [1210] ASTON, Francis William [1051] AUDUBON, John James [443] AUER, Karl, Baron von Welsbach [890] AVERROËS [91] AVERY, Oswald Theodore [1054] AVICENNA [86] AVOGADRO, Amedeo, count of Quaregna [412] AXELROD, Julius [1374] BAADE, Walter [1163] BABBAGE, Charles [481] BABINET, Jacques [486] BACON, Francis [163] BACON, Roger [99] BAEKELAND, Leo Hendrik [931] BAER, Karl Ernst von [478] BAEYER, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von [718] BAFFIN, William [178] BAILY, Francis [406] BAKER, Henry [265] BALARD, Antoine Jérôme [529] BALBOA, Vasco Nunez de [128] BALFOUR, Francis Maitland [823] BALMER, Johann Jakob [658] BALTIMORE, David [1508] BANKS, Sir Joseph [331] BANTING, Sir Frederick Grant [1152] BÀRANY, Robert [1040] BARDEEN, John [1334] BARGHOORN, Elso Sterrenberg [1399] BARKHAUSEN, Heinrich [1079] BARKLA, Charles Glover [1049] BARNARD, Christiaan Neethling [1452] BARNARD, Edward Emerson [883] BARRINGER, Daniel Moreau [905] BARTHOLIN, Erasmus [210] BARTLETT, Ned [1499] BARTON, Sir Derek Harold Richard [1427] BASOV, Nikolai Gennadievich [1453] BATES, Henry Walter [656] BATESON, William [913] BAUMANN, Eugen [786] BAWDEN, Sir Frederick Charles [1337] BAYER, Johann [170] BAYLISS, Sir William Maddock [902] BEADLE, George Wells [1270] BEAUMONT, William [444] BECHER, Johann Joachim [222] BECQUEREL, Alexandre Edmond [623] BECQUEREL, Antoine Henri [834] BEDE [75] BEEBE, Charles William [1050] BEER, Wilhelm [499] BEGUYER DE CHANCOURTOIS, Alexandre-Émile [622] BEHRING, Emil Adolf von [846] BEUERINCK, Martinus Willem [817] BEILSTEIN, Friedrich Konrad [732] BÉKÉSY, Georg von [1220] BELL, Alexander Graham [789] BELLINGSHAUSEN, Fabian Gottlieb von [426] BELON, Pierre [148] BENACERRAF, Baruj [1442] BENEDEN, Édouard Joseph Louis-Marie van [782] BERG, Paul [1470] BERGER, Hans [1014] BERGIUS, Friedrich Karl Rudolf [1098]
BERGMAN, Torbem Olof [315] BERING, Vitus Jonassen [250] BERLINER, Émile [819] BERNARD, Claude [578] BERNOULLI, Daniel [268] BERT, Paul [702] BERTHELOT, Pierre Eugène Marcelin [674]
BERTHOLLET, Claude Louis, Comte [346]
BERZELIUS, Jons Jakob [425] xviii CONTENTS BESSARION, John [116] BESSEL, Friedrich Wilhelm [439] BESSEMER, Sir Henry [575] BEST, Charles Herbert [1218] BETHE, Hans Albrecht [1308] BICHAT, Marie François Xavier [400] BIELA, Wilhelm von [434] BINET, Alfred [878] BIOT, Jean Baptiste [404] BITTNER, John Joseph [1277] BJERKNES, Jacob Aall Bonnevie [1205] BLACK, Davidson [1096] BLACK, Joseph [298] BLACKETT, Patrick Maynard Stuart [1207] BLAKESLEE, Albert Francis [1029] BLANCHARD, Jean Pierre François [362]
BLOCH, Felix [1296] BLOCH, Konrad Emil [1369] BLOEMBERGEN, Nicolaas [1436] BLUMBERG, Baruch Samuel [1467] BLUMENBACH, Johann Friedrich [357]
BODE, Johann Elert [344] BODENSTEIN, Max [994] BOERHAAVE, Hermann [248] BOETHIUS, Anicius Manlius Severinus [71] BOHR, Aage Niels [1450] BOHR, Niels Henrik David [1101] BOK, Bart Jan [1302] BOLTWOOD, Bertram Borden [987] BOLTZMANN, Ludwig Edward [769] BOLYAI, Janos [530] BOND, George Phillips [660] BOND, William Cranch [464] BONDI, Sir Hermann [1433] BONNET, Charles [291] BOOLE, George [595] BORDEN, Gail [524] BORDET, Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent [986] BORELLI, Giovanni Alfonso [191] BORN, Max [1084] BOSCH, Karl [1028] BOSE, Sir Jagadischandra [893] BOSE, Satyendranath [1170] BOTHE, Walther Wilhelm Georg Franz [1146]
BOUCHER DE CRÈVECOEUR DE PERTHES, Jacques [458] BOUGAINVILLE, Louis Antoine de [303]
BOUGUER, Pierre [264] BOUSSINGAULT, Jean Baptiste Joseph Dieudonné [525] BOUVARD, Alexis [392] BOVERI, Theodor [923] BOVET, Daniele [1325] BOYD, William Clouser [1264] BOYLE, Robert [212] BRACONNOT, Henri [430] BRADLEY, James [258] BRAGG, Sir William Henry [922] BRAGG, Sir William Lawrence [1141] BRAHE, Tycho [156] BRAHMAGUPTA [73] BRAID, James [494] BRAND, Hennig [216] BRANDT, Georg [260] BRATTAIN, Walter Houser [1250] BRAUN, Karl Ferdinand [808] BRAUN, Wernher Magnus Maximilian von [1370] BRETONNEAU, Pierre Fidèle [419] BREUER, Josef [755] BREWSTER, Sir David [433] BRIDGMAN, Percy Williams [1080] BRIGGS, Henry [164] BRIGHT, Richard [465] BROCA, Pierre Paul [653] BRONSTED, Johannes Nicolaus [1061] BROOM, Robert [959] BROUNCKER, William, 2d Viscount [202] BROUWER, Dirk [1258] BROWN, Herbert Charles [1373] BROWN, Robert [403] BRUNO, Giordano [157] BUCH, Christian Leopold von [405]
CONTENTS BUCHNER, Eduard [903] BUCHNER, Hans Ernst Angass [813] BUDD, William [570] BUFFON, Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de [277] BUNSEN, Robert Wilhelm Eberhard [565]
BURBANK, Luther [799] BURIDAN, Jean [108] BURNET, Sir Frank Macfarlane [1223] BURT, Sir Cyril Lodowic [1086] BUSH, Vannevar [1139] BUTENANDT, Adolf Friedrich Johann [1265] BUTLEROV, Alexander Mikhailovich [676] BYRD, Richard Evelyn [1129] CAILLETET, Louis Paul [698] CALLINICUS [74] CALLIPPUS [32] CALVIN, Melvin [1361] CANDOLLE, Augustin Pyrame de [418] CANNIZZARO, Stanislao [668] CANNON, Annie Jump [932] CANNON, Walter Bradford [998] CANO, Juan Sebastiân del [124] CANTON, John [290] CANTOR, Georg [772] CARDANO, Girolamo [137] CARNOT, Nicolas Léonard Sadi [497] CARO, Heinrich [706] CAROTHERS, Wallace Hume [1190] CARREL, Alexis [1016] CARRINGTON, Richard Christopher [667]
CARROLL, James [849] CARVER, George Washington [937] CASSINI, Giovanni Domenico [209] CAUCHY, Augustin Louis, Baron [463] CAVALIERI, Bonaventura [186] CAVENDISH, Henry [307] CAVENTOU, Joseph Bienaimé [493] CAYLEY, Arthur [629] CELSIUS, Anders [271] CELSUS, Aulus Cornelius [57] CHADWICK, Sir James [1150] CHAIN, Ernst Boris [1306] CRALLIS, James [535] CHAMBERLAIN, Owen [1439] CHAMBERLAND, Charles Edouard [816]
CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Chrowder [766]
CHANCE, Britton [1384] CHANDRASEKHAR, Subrahmanyan [1356] CHAPTAL, Jean Antoine Claude, comte de Chanteloup [368] CHARCOT, Jean Martin [662] CHARDONNET, Louis Marie Hilaire Bernigaud, comte de [743] CHARGAFF, Erwin [1291] CHARLEMAGNE [78] CHARLES, Jacques Alexandre César [343]
CHARPENTIER, Johann von [449] CHÂTELET, Gabrielle Emilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise de [274]
CHERENKOV, Pavel Alekseyevich [1281]
CHEVREUL, Michel Eugène [448] CHLADNI, Ernst Florens Friedrich [370] CLAIRAUT, Alexis Claude [283] CLAPEYRON, Benoit Pierre Émile [507]
CLARK, Alvan Graham [696] CLAUDE, Albert [1222] CLAUDE, Georges [989] CLAUS, Carl Ernst [495] CLAUSIUS, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel [633]
CLAVIUS, Christoph [152] CLEVE, Per Teodor [746] COBLENTZ, William Weber [1021] COCKCROFT, Sir John Douglas [1198] COHN, Ferdinand Julius [675] COLOMBO, Realdo [140] COLUMBUS, Christopher [121] COMPTON, Arthur Holly [1159] Download 17.33 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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