Biographical encyclopedia
Download 17.33 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- ASIMOV’S BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
xxviii MAUNDER, Edward Walter [818] MAUPERTUIS, Pierre Louis Moreau de [267]
MAURY, Matthew Fontaine [548] MAXIM, Sir Hiram Stevens [745] MAXWELL, James Clerk [692] MAYER, Julius Robert [587] MAYOW, John [230] McADAM, John Loudon [369] McCOLLUM, Elmer Verner [1062] McMILLAN, Edwin Mattison [1329] MECHNIKOV, Ilya Dich [775] MEDAWAR, Sir Peter Brian [1396] MEITNER, Lise [1060] MELA, Pomponius [58] MELLONI, Macedonio [504] MENAECHMUS [30] MENDEL, Gregor Johann [638] MENDELÉEV, Dmitri Ivanovich [705] MENZEL, Donald Howard [1237] MERCATOR, Gerardus [144] MERSENNE, Marin [181] MESMER, Franz Anton [314] MESSIER, Charles [305] METON [23] MEYER, Julius Lothar [685] MEYER, Viktor [796] MEYERHOF, Otto Fritz [1095] MICHAELIS, Leonor [1033] MICHAEL SCOT [98] MICHELL, John [294] MICHELSON, Albert Abraham [835] MIDGLEY, Thomas, Jr. [1132] MIESCHER, Johann Friedrich [770] MILLER, Dayton Clarence [953] MILLER, Jacques Francis Albert Pierre [1494]
MILLER, Stanley Lloyd [1490] MILLER, William Hallowes [518] MILLIKAN, Robert Andrews [969] MILNE, Edward Arthur [1186] MILNE, John [814] MINKOWSKI, Hermann [935] MINKOWSKI, Rudolph Leo B. [1179] MINOT, George Richards [1103] MITCHELL, Maria [608]
CONTENTS MITCHELL, Peter Dennis [1441] MITSCHERLICH, Eilhardt [485] MÖBIUS, August Ferdinand [471] MOHL, Hugo von [542] MOHOROVICIC, Andrija [871] MOHS, Friedrich [401] MOISSAN, Ferdinand Frédéric Henri [831] MONDINO DE’ LUZZI [110] MONGE, Gaspard [340] MONIZ, Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas [1032] MONOD, Jacques Lucien [1347] MONTGOLFIER, Jacques Étienne and Joseph Michel [325] MOORE, Stanford [1379] MORGAGNI, Giovanni Battista [251] MORGAN, Thomas Hunt [957] MORGAN, William Wilson [1298] MORGENSTERN, Oskar [1248] MORLEY, Edward Williams [730] MORSE, Samuel Finley Breese [473] MORTILLET, Louis Laurent Gabriel de [630] MORTON, William Thomas Green [617] MOSANDER, Carl Gustav [501] MOSELEY, Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys
1121
] MÖSSBAUER, Rudolf Ludwig [1483] MOTT, Sir Nevill Francis [1294] MOTTELSON, Ben Roy [1471] MOULTON, Forest Ray [1003] MUELLER, Erwin Wilhelm [1364] MULDER, Gerardus Johannes [531] MÜLLER, Franz Joseph [323] MULLER, Hermann Joseph [1145] MÜLLER, Johannes Peter [522] MÜLLER, Otto Friedrich [304] MÜLLER, Paul Hermann [1216] MULLIKEN, Robert Sanderson [1191] MURCHISON, Sir Roderick Impey [477] MURDOCK, William [363] MURPHY, William Parry [1154] MUSSCHENBROEK, Pieter van [257] NAGAOKA, Hantaro [946] NAGELI, Karl Wilhelm von [598] NANSEN, Fridtjof [914] NAPIER, John [159] NATHANS, Daniel [1482] NATTA, Giulio [1263] NECKAM, Alexander [93] NEEDHAM, John Turberville [285] NÉEL, Louis Eugène Félix [1285] NE’EMAN, Yuval [1465] NEF, John Ulric [921] NEISSER, Albert Ludwig Sigismund [859] NERNST, Hermann Walther [936] NEUMANN, John von [1273] NEWCOMB, Simon [713] NEWCOMEN, Thomas [243] NEWLANDS, John Alexander Reina [727] NEWTON, Sir Isaac [231] NICHOLAS OF CUSA [115] NICHOLSON, Seth Barnes [1151] NICHOLSON, William [361] NICOL, William [394] NICOLLE, Charles Jules Henri [956] NIEPCE, Joseph Nicéphore [384] NIEUWLAND, Julius Arthur [1058] NILSON, Lars Fredrik [747] NIRENBERG, Marshall Warren [1476] NOBEL, Alfred Bernhard [703] NODDACK, Ida Eva Tacke [1187] NODDACK, Walter Karl Friedrich [1166] NORDENSKIÜLD, Nils Adolf Erik [700] NORMAN, Robert [161] NORRISH, Ronald George Wreyford [1206]
NORTHROP, John Howard [1148] OBERTH, Hermann Julius [1172] OCHOA, Severo [1293] OCKHAM, William of [109] OENOPIDES [18] OERSTED, Hans Christian [417] OHM, Georg Simon [461] XXIX
CONTENTS O’KEEFE, John Aloysius [1412] OKEN, Lorenz [423] OLBERS, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus [372] OLIPHANT, Marcus Laurence Elwin [1244] OMAR KHAYYAM [87] O’NEILL, Gerard Kitchen [1475] ONSAGER, Lars [1272] OORT, Jan Hendrik [1229] OPARIN, Alexander Ivanovich [1171] ÖPIK, Ernst Julius [1168] OPPENHEIMER, J. Robert [1280] OSBORNE, Thomas Burr [900] OSTWALD, Friedrich Wilhelm [840] OTIS, Elisha Graves [569] OTTO, Nikolaus August [694] OUGHTRED, William [172] OWEN, Sir Richard [539] PACIOLI, Luca [120] PALADE, George Emil [1380] PALMIERI, Luigi [550] PANDER, Christian Heinrich [489] PANETH, Friedrich Adolf [1118] PAPIN, Denis [235] PAPPUS [68] PARACELSUS [131] PARE, Ambroise [139] PARKER, Eugene Newman [1478] PARKES, Alexander [581] PARKINSON, James [365] PARMENIDES [13] PARSONS, Sir Charles Algernon [850] PASCAL, Blaise [207] PASCHEN, Louis Carl Heinrich Friedrich [941] PASTEUR, Louis [642] PAULI, Wolfgang [1228] PAULING, Linus Carl [1236] PAVLOV, Ivan Petrovich [802] PAYEN, Anselme [490] PEACOCK, George [472] PEANO, Giuseppe [889] PEARSON, Karl [875] PEARY, Robert Edwin [866] PELLETIER, Pierre Joseph [454] PENZIAS, Amo Allan [1501] PEREGRINUS, Petrus [104] PERKIN, Sir William Henry [734] PERRIN, Jean Baptiste [990] PERRINE, Charles Dillon [964] PERUTZ, Max Ferdinand [1389] PETIT, Alexis Thérèse [476] PETRIE, Sir (William Matthew) Flinders [838] PETTENKOFER, Max Joseph von [612]
PEURBACH, Georg von [118] PFEFFER, Wilhelm [773] PHILOLAUS [19] PHILON [45] PIAZZI, Giuseppe [341] PICARD, Jean [204] PICCARD, August [1092] PICKERING, Edward Charles [784] PICKERING, William Henry [885] PICTET, Raoul Pierre [783] PIERCE, John Robinson [1351] PINCUS, Gregory [1266] PINEL, Philippe [338] PLANCK, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig [887] PLANTÉ, Gaston [709] PLASKETT, John Stanley [949] PLATO [24] PLINY [61] PLÜCKER, Julius [521] POGSON, Norman Robert [679] POINCARÉ, Jules Henri [847] POISEUILLE, Jean Léonard Marie [500]
POISSON, Simeon Denis [432] POLHEM, Christopher [242] POLO, Marco [105] PONCELET, Jean Victor [456] PONNAMPERUMA, Cyril [1457] PONS, Jean Louis [376] POPE, Sir William Jackson [991] POPOV, Alexander Stepanovich [895] PORTA, Giambattista della [150] PORTER, George [1443] XXX
CONTENTS POSEIDONIUS [52] POULSEN, Valdemar [983] POWELL, Cecil Frank [1274] PRAXAGORAS [36] PREGL, Fritz [982] PRELOG, Vladimir [1310] PRÉVOST, Pierre [356] PRIESTLEY, Joseph [312] PRIGOGINE, Ilya [1414] PROCLUS [70] PROCTOR, Richard Anthony [724] PROKHOROV, Alexander Mikhailovich [1409]
PROUST, Joseph Louis [364] PROUT, William [440] PRZHEVALSKY, Nikolay Mikhaylovich [742] PTOLEMY, Claudius [64] PUPIN, Michael Idvorsky [891] PURCELL, Edward MiUs [1378] PURKINJE, Jan Evangelista [452] PYTHAGORAS [7] PYTHEAS [39] QUETELET, Lambert Adolphe Jacques [496]
RABI, Isidor Isaac [1212] RAINWATER, Leo James [1420] RAMAN, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata [1130]
RAMÖN Y CAJAL, Santiago [827] RAMSAY, Sir William [832] RANKINE, William John Macquom [625]
RAOULT, François Marie [684] RAWLINSON, Sir Henry Creswicke [559] RAY, John [213] RAYLEIGH, John William Strutt, 3d Baron [760] RÉAUMUR, René Antoine Ferchault de [252]
REBER, Grote [1368] REDFIELD, William C. [462] REDI, Francesco [211] REED, Walter [822] REGIOMONTANUS [119] REGNAULT, Henri Victor [561] REICH, Ferdinand [506] REICHSTEIN, Tadeusz [1201] REID, Harry Fielding [898] REINES, Frederick [1423] REINHOLD, Erasmus [143] REMAK, Robert [591] REMSEN, Ira [781] RETZIUS, Anders Adolf [498] RHAZES [82] RHETICUS [145] RHINE, Joseph Banks [1182] RICCIOLI, Giovanni Battista [185] RICHARDS, Dickinson W. [1184] RICHARDS, Theodore William [968] RICHARDSON, Sir Owen Will ans [1066]
RICHER, Jean [217] RICHET, Charles Robert [809] RICHTER, Burton [1493] RICHTER, Hieronymus Theodor [654] RICHTER, Jeremias Benjamin [378] RICKETTS, Howard Taylor [992] RICKOVER, Hyman George [1225] RIEMANN, Georg Friedrich Bernhard [670] RIGHI, Augusto [810] RINGER, Sydney [717] RITTER, Johann Wilhelm [413] ROBBINS, Frederick Chapman [1410] ROBERTS, Richard Brooke [1357] ROBINSON, Sir Robert [1107] ROCHE, Édouard Albert [627] ROEMER, Olaus [232] ROENTGEN, Wilhelm Konrad [774] ROOZEBOOM, Hendrik Willem Bakhuis [854] RORSCHACH, Hermann [1099] ROSE, William Cumming [1114] ROSS, Sir James Clark [512] ROSS, Sir Ronald [876] ROSSE, William Parsons, 3d earl of [513]
ROSSI, Bruno Benedetto [1289] xxxi CONTENTS ROUS, Francis Peyton [1067] ROUX, Pierre Paul Émile [844] ROWLAND, Henry Augustus [798] RUBNER, Max [848] RUDBECK, Olof [218] RUMFORD, Benjamin Thompson, Count [360] RUSKA, Ernst August Friedrich [1322] RUSSELL, Bertrand Arthur William, 3d Earl [1005] RUSSELL, Henry Norris [1056] RUTHERFORD, Daniel [351] RUTHERFORD, Ernest [996] RUTHERFURD, Lewis Morris [596] RUZICKA, Leopold Stephen [1119] RYDBERG, Johannes Robert [857] RYLE, Sir Martin [1428] SABATIER, Paul [856] SABIN, Albert Bruce [1311] SABINE, Sir Edward [459] SABINE, Wallace Clement Ware [972] SACCHERI, Girolamo [247] SACHS, Julius von [699] SAGAN, Cari [1504] SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE, Henri Étienne [603] SAKHAROV, Andrey Dmitriyevich [1444] SALAM, Abdus [1468] SALK, Jonas Edward [1393] SANCTORIUS, Sanctorius [165] SANDAGE, Allan Rex [1469] SANGER, Frederick [1426] SAUSSURE, Horace Bénédict de [322] SAVER Y, Thomas [236] SCALIGER, Joseph Justus [154] SCHAEBERLE, John Martin [836] SCHAEFER, Vincent Joseph [1309] SCHALLY, Andrew Victor [1474] SCHAUDINN, Fritz Richard [997] SCHEELE, Karl Wilhelm [329] SCHEINER, Christoph [173] SCHIAPARELLI, Giovanni Virginio [714] SCHLEIDEN, Matthias Jakob [538] SCHLIEMANN, Heinrich [634] SCHMIDT, Bernhard Voldemar [1065] SCHMIDT, Maarten [1488] SCHOENHEIMER, Rudolf [1211] SCHÖNBEIN, Christian Friedrich [510] SCHÖNER, Johannes [129] SCHRIEFFER, John Robert [1495] SCHRÖDINGER, Erwin [1117] SCHULTZE, Max Johann Sigismund [657]
SCHWABE, Heinrich Samuel [466] SCHWANN, Theodor [563] SCHWARZSCHILD, Karl [1019] SCHWEIGGER, Johann Salomo Christoph [422] SCHWINGER, Julian Seymour [1421] SCOTT, Robert Falcon [971] SEABORG, Glenn Theodore [1372] SECCHI, Pietro Angelo [606] SEDGWICK, Adam [442] SEEBECK, Thomas Johann [398] SEFSTRÖM, Nils Gabriel [451] SEGRE, Emilio [1287] SELEUCUS [51] SEMENOV, Nikolay Nikolaevich [1189] SEMMELWEISS, Ignaz Philipp [607] SERTÜRNER, Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Ferdinand [437] SERVETUS, Michael [142] SHANKS, William [572] SHANNON, Claude Elwood [1404] SHAPLEY, Harlow [1102] SHARPEY-SCHAFER, Sir Edward Albert [807] SHEMIN, David [1358] SHERMAN, Henry Clapp [1036] SHERRINGTON, Sir Charles Scott [881]
SHKLOVSKII, Iosif Samuilovich [1408] SHOCKLEY, William Bradford [1348] SIDGWICK, Nevil Vincent [1013] SIEBOLD, Karl Theodor Ernst von [537] SIEGBAHN, Karl Manne Georg [1111] SIEMENS, Sir William [644] SILLIMAN, Benjamin [424] x x x ii
CONTENTS SIMON, Sir Franz Eugen Francis [1165] SIMPSON, Sir James Young [567] SITTER, Willem de [1004] SLIPHER, Vesto Melvin [1038] SMITH, Hamilton Othanel [1496] SMITH, Philip Edward [1090] SMITH, Theobald [899] SMITH, William [395] SNELL, George Davis [1275] SNELL, Willebrord van Roijen [177] SNOW, John [576] SOBRERO, Ascanio [574] SOCRATES [21] SODDY, Frederick [1052] SOLVAY, Ernest [735] SOMMERFELD, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm [976] SØRENSEN, Søren Peter Lauritz [967] SOSIGENES [54] SPALLANZANI, Lazzaro [302] SPEDDING, Frank Harold [1259] SPEMANN, Hans [981] SPENCER, Herbert [624] SPERRY, Elmer Ambrose [907] SPITZER, Lyman, Jr. [1390] SPRENGEL, Christian Konrad [354] STAHL, Georg Ernst [241] STANLEY, Wendell Meredith [1282] STARK, Johannes [1024] STARLING, Ernest Henry [954] STAS, Jean Servais [579] STAUDINGER, Hermann [1074] STEFAN, Josef [715] STEIN, William Howard [1365] STEINMETZ, Charles Proteus (originally Karl August) [944] STEPHENSON, George [431] STENO, Nicolaus [225] STERN, Otto [1124] STEVINUS, Simon [158] STEWART, Balfour [678] STOCK, Alfred [1043] STOKES, Sir George Gabriel [618] STONEY, George Johnstone [664] STRABO [56] STRASBURGER, Eduard Adolf [768] STRASSMAN, Fritz [1251] STRATO [38] STROHMEYER, Friedrich [411] STRUVE, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von [483]
STRUVE, Otto [1203] STURGEON, William [436] STURTEVANT, Alfred Henry [1153] SUESS, Eduard [687] SUMNER, James Batcheller [1120] SUTHERLAND, Earl Wilbur, Jr. [1402] SUTTON, Walter Stanborough [1047] SVEDBERG, Theodor H. E. [1097] SWAMMERDAM, Jan [224] SWAN, Sir Joseph Wilson [677] SYDENHAM, Thomas [208] SYLVIUS, Franciscus [196] SYNGE, Richard Laurence Millington [1394]
SZENT-GYÜRGYI, Albert [1167] SZILARD, Leo [1208] TAKAMINE, Jokichi [855] TALBOT, William Henry Fox [511] TAMM, Igor Yevgenyevich [1180] TARTAGLIA, Niccolè [135] TATUM, Edward Lawrie [1346] TAYLOR, Frederick Winslow [864] TEISSERENC DE BORT, Léon Philippe [861] TELLER, Edward [1332] TEMIN, Howard Martin [1505] TENNANT, Smithson [375] TESLA, Nikola [867] THABIT IBN QURRA [80] THALES [3] THEAETETUS [26] THEILER, Max [1217] THÉNARD, Louis Jacques [416] THEOPHRASTUS [31] THEORELL, Axel Hugo Teodor [1267] THOMSEN, Christian Jurgensen [460] THOMSEN, Hans Peter Jørgen Julius [665]
THOMSON, Sir Charles Wyville [682] THOMSON, Elihu [837] xxxiii CONTENTS THOMSON, Sir George Paget [1156] THOMSON, Sir Joseph John [869] THOMSON, Robert William [637] TINBERGEN, Nikolaas [1326] TING, Samuel C. C. [1507] TISELIUS, Arne Wilhelm Kaurin [1257] TITIUS, Johann Daniel [301] TODD, Alexander Robertus, Baron [1331]
TOMBAUGH, Clyde William [1299] TOMONAGA, Shin’ichiro [1300] TORRICELLI, Evangelista [192] TOSCANELLI, Paolo [113] TOWNES, Charles Hard [1400] TRAVERS, Morris William [1001] TREVITHICK, Richard [399] TRUMPLER, Robert Julius [1109] TSAI LUN [63] TSCHERMAK VON SEYSENEGG, Erich [999] TSIOLKOVSKY, Konstantin Eduardovich [880] TSVETT, Mikhail Semenovich [1006] TURING, Alan Mathison [1375] TWORT, Frederick William [1055] TYNDALL, John [626] UHLENBECK, George Eugene [1234] ULUGH BEG [112] URBAIN, Georges [1002] UREY, Harold Clayton [1164] VALENTIN, Gabriel Gustav [560] VAN ALLEN, James Alfred [1392] VAN DE GRAAF, Robert Jemison [1246] VAN DE HULST, Hendrik Christoffell [1430] VAN DE KAMP, Peter [1247] VAN DER WAALS, Johannes Diderik [726]
VANT HOFF, Jacobus Henricus [829] VAN VLECK, John Hasbrouck [1219] VAUQUELIN, Louis Nicolas [379] VAVILOV, Nikolay Ivanovich [1122] VEKSLER, Vladimir Iosifovich [1324] VENETZ, Ignatz [453] VENN, John [710] VERNADSKY, Vladimir Ivanovich [924] VERNIER, Pierre [179] VESALIUS, Andreas [146] VESPUCIUS, Americus [123] VIETA, Franciscus [153] VILLARD, Paul Ulrich [906] VIRCHOW, Rudolph Carl [632] VIRTANEN, Artturi Ilmari [1176] VITRUVIUS [55] VIVIANI, Vincenzo [206] VOGEL, Hermann Carl [757] VOIT, Karl von [691] VOLTA, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio, Count [337] VOLTAIRE [261] VON EULER, Ulf Svante [1288] VONNEGUT, Bernard [1391] WAAGE, Peter [701] WAGNER VON JAUREGG, Julius [874]
WAKSMAN, Selman Abraham [1128] WALD, George [1318] WALDEN, Paul [928] WALDEYER-HARTZ, Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von [722] WALDSEEMÜLLER, Martin [125] WALLACE, Alfred Russel [643] WALLACH, Otto [790] WALLIS, John [198] WALTER, William Grey [1349] WALTON, Ernest Thomas Sinton [1269]
WARBURG, Otto Heinrich [1089] WASSERMAN, August von [951] WATSON, James Dewey [1480] WATSON, John Broadus [1057] WATSON-WATT, Sir Robert Alexander [1155]
WATT, James [316] WEBER, Ernst Heinrich [492] WEBER, Wilhelm Eduard [540] WEGENER, Alfred Lothar [1071] xxxiv CONTENTS WEIERSTRASS, Karl Theodor Wilhelm [593] WEINBERG, Steven [1502] WEISMANN, August Friedrich Leopold [704]
WEISS, Pierre [942] WEIZMANN, Chaim [1031] WEIZSÄCKER, Carl Friedrich, Baron von [1376] WELLER, Thomas Huckle [1397] WENDELIN, Godefroy [176] WERNER, Abraham Gottlob [355] WERNER, Alfred [960] WESTINGHOUSE, George [785] WHEATSTONE, Sir Charles [526] WHEELER, John Archibald [1366] WHEWELL, William [487] WHIPPLE, Fred Lawrence [1317] WHIPPLE, George Hoyt [1059] WHITEHEAD, Alfred North [911] WHITNEY, Eh [386] WIECHERT, Emil [917] WIELAND, Heinrich Otto [1048] WIEN, Wilhelm [934] WIENER, Norbert [1175] WIGNER, Eugene Paul [1260] WILDT, Rupert [1290] WILKINS, John [197] WILKINS, Maurice Hugh Frederick [1413] WILKINS, Robert Wallace [1320] WILKINSON, Sir Geoffrey [1445] WILLIAMS, Robert Runnels [1104] WILLIAMS, Robley Cook [1339] WILLIAMSON, Alexander William [650] WILLIS, Thomas [205] WILLSTÄTTER, Richard [1009] WILSON, Charles Thomson Rees [979] WILSON, Edmund Beecher [868] WILSON, Robert Woodrow [1506] WINDAUS, Adolf [1046] WINKLER, Clemens Alexander [739] WISLICENUS, Johannes [716] WITHERING, William [327] WITTIG, Georg Friedrich Karl [1199] WOHLER, Friedrich [515] WOLF, Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius [927] WOLFF, Kaspar Friedrich [313] WOLLASTON, William Hyde [388] WOODWARD, Robert Bums [1416] WOOLLEY, Sir Charles Leonard [1069] WREN, Sir Christopher [220] WRIGHT, Orville [995] WRIGHT, Thomas [281] WRIGHT, Wilbur [961] WROBLEWSKI, Zygmunt Florenty von [779]
WUNDERLICH, Carl Reinhold August [592]
WUNDT, Wilhelm Max [697] WURTZ, Charles Adolphe [602] WYCKOFF, Ralph Walter Graystone [ 12 0 2 ] XENOPHANES [6] YALOW, Rosalyn Sussman [1446] YANG, Chen Ning [1451] YERKES, Robert Mearns [1041] YOUNG, Charles Augustus [712] YOUNG, Thomas [402] YUKAWA, Hideki [1323] ZEEMAN, Pieter [945] ZENO [16] ZEPPELIN, Ferdinand Adolf August Heinrich, Count von [737] ZERNICKE, Fritz [1127] ZIEGLER, Karl [1215] ZINN, Walter Henry [1321] ZOSIMUS [67] ZSIGMONDY, Richard Adolf [943] ZWICKY, Fritz [1209] ZWORYKIN, Vladimir Kosma [1134] XXXV
ASIMOV’S BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY [1] IMHOTEP (im-hoh'tep) Egyptian scholar
Flourished 2980-2950 b .
. Imhotep is remarkable for being the first historic equivalent, known by name, of what we would today call a scientist. There was not to be another for over two thousand years. The one definite feat that is attributed to him is that of being the architect of the “step pyramid” at the modern village of Sakkara (near the site of ancient Memphis) in Egypt. This was the ear liest of the Egyptian pyramids, and if Imhotep was indeed the architect, he may be credited with a literally monu mental first. The memory of Imhotep was saddled with all sorts of other achievements, the tales certainly not dwindling in the tell ing as generations passed. Most of all, he was remembered for his powers of heal ing, which the tales eventually magnified to the point of magic. In fact, by Ptole maic times, he had come to be deified as the son of the great god Ptah and as himself the god of medicine. His tomb at Sakkara became a shrine where people came in search of cures as today they come to Lourdes. A ruin thought to be this shrine was uncovered in 1965. Our first scientist is thus unique in another way, for no scientist since has been made into a god. The Greeks identified Imhotep (whom they called Imouthes) with Asklepios, their own god of medicine, and his leg end may also have influenced their own tales of Daedalus, who, if he did not build a pyramid, was at least sup posed to have built the Cretan labyrinth. Some ancient manuscripts speak of Imhotep as having counseled Zoser (the Pharaoh for whom the step pyramid had been built) as to the methods of appeas ing the gods after a succession of seven consecutive failures of the Nile floods had brought a seven-year famine. Might not this have influenced the later He brews in their legends of Joseph? [2] AHMOSE (ah'mose) Egyptian scribe Lived about 1650 b . c . Ahmose is known only because his name is on a mathematical treatise headed “Directions for Attaining Knowl edge of All Dark Things.” It was discov ered in Egypt in the mid-nineteenth cen tury and is now in the British Museum. Ahmose is merely the copyist of the papyrus, which deals with the solution of various types of simple equations, with devices for handling fractions with unit numerators, with finding areas and vol umes and so on. The actual authors are lost in the past. The papyrus attests to the ancientness of Egyptian mathematics. It also lacks any sign that the Egyptians generalized their methods. Each problem discussed is treated as a special case, with a detailed description of the method of handling the particular numerical values contained
Download 17.33 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling