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Bog'liq
1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien

Subjects. Twelve poor mathematics achievers in the 10th grade of a Basel
senior high-school (9 females, 3 males; mean age 17; 1) volunteered for a
pilot study.
Procedure. The main structure of the pilot study was a pretest - treatment
- Posttest 1 - Posttest 2 - procedure. Each test contained measurements of
motivation toward mathematics, algebra test achievement, individual pre-
liminary assessments of task difficulty, as well as – after having solved it –
predictions about the correctness of the solutions.
The 12 subjects were assigned to three treatment groups: generative,
transformative, and conservative. The conservative treatment corresponded
to ordinary high-school-style mathematics education; the transformative
treatment was derived from the "progressive transformation" approach; and
so was the generative treatment, except for the fact that students were to


GERHARD STEINER
generate the transformations by themselves instead of receiving the sugges-
tions from the tutor.
Treatments included – after the pretest – six lessons each within two
weeks. Posttest 1 was administered one day after treatment; Posttest 2, six
weeks after Posttest 1 to control for long-term treatment effects.
Algebra tasks tested and trained during treatments. The focus was on
fractions, factorizations, and combinations thereof with an increasing degree
of complexity and therefore of difficulty.
Hypotheses. The generative as well as the transformative treatments as
opposed to the conservative one were expected to lead to:
1. better algebra test results;
2. qualitatively different algebraic reasoning;
3. more confidence in problem-solving;
4. more accuracy in judging task difficulties;
5. more ease in predicting the correctness of the problem solutions.
No hypotheses were formulated about changes in motivation toward
mathematics learning, although we hoped for an increase in motivation
scores.
The study was mainly an elaborated single-case study with the goal to
test, to a certain degree, the theoretical approach regarding, whether or not
10th graders were an adequate sample for such research questions and the
mathematical content of these; furthermore, to learn from the particular ob-
servations in those single case studies, to formulate further research ques-
tions, and to control for the appropriateness of the instruments used (mainly
for motivation measurements).
4.2 Results
Data analyses. In all three algebra tests (pre- and posttests), correct solu-
tions, number of errors, as well as not tackled tasks were scored. Qualitative
error analyses were performed by using thinking aloud protocols. Scores
also included estimated task difficulties as well as predicted correctness of
solutions. The scores of all three treatment groups were compared over the
duration of the three tests (approximately 2 months). Thinking aloud pro-
tocols were recorded after all three tests while students were solving critical
test items in order to find qualitative changes in the students' algebraic rea-
soning style before and after treatment.
Particular results.
1. All three treatments led to better algebra test results as far as the num-
ber of errors was concerned. There was no qualitatively salient effect of the
generative and the transformative treatments as opposed to the conservative
one. Thus, Hypothesis 1 could not be confirmed.
2. Contrary to the number of errors due to carelessness, which rather grew
in the generative and transformative groups, the number of systematic errors
(e.g., missing the interplay of operations; not responding to a slight hint
257


from the tutor in the thinking aloud interview) declined over both posttests
for the generative as well as the transformative treatments. This latter result
was very strong in both the algebra test results and the thinking aloud proto-
cols. Thus, Hypothesis 2 could be confirmed.
3. A similar result was obtained for the number of not tackled problems:
The number of these declined drastically over the two posttests for the gen-
erative and transformative treatments; this was not the case for the
conservative treatment. We interpret such a result as a confirmation of
Hypothesis 3, which addressed individual confidence in tackling problems
at
all.
4. The results referring to the students' estimations of task difficulty as
well as the predictions of correctness of solutions are somewhat contradic-
tory as yet, and do not permit either confirmation or falsification of the cor-
responding hypotheses.
5. Small gains in motivation to handle algebra tasks and cope with some-
times difficult mathematical problems were distributed fairly evenly across
all three treatment groups.
4.3 Conclusions
If systematic errors are essentially schema-bound (in the sense of the first
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