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parts of this chapter), then a decline of systematic errors indicates a positive
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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
parts of this chapter), then a decline of systematic errors indicates a positive treatment effect as does the increased number of problems tackled over the three tests. Fewer systematic errors means theoretically better AMMNs or at least a more adequate use of the accessible networks; this, in turn, may ex- plain the higher degree of confidence when faced with difficult problems. The troubles students have when forced to estimate the difficulty of each task or their certainty regarding the correctness of a worked out solution might be due to a long-lasting attitude, particularly in poor math achievers, of observing the single tasks mainly in terms of their surface structure. It is concluded from the results that: 1. The effective treatments should be offered over more than just six lessons. 2. Instead of trying to repair poor AMN at l0th-grade levels, we should start earlier, probably with 8th graders, to foster both the very first con- struction and the elaboration of the schemata required for the particular al- gebra tasks. 3. The study was working exclusively with poor mathematics students. It is not known what effects the generative and the transformative treatments would have with bright or even highly gifted students. So it is necessary to control for a possible aptitude-treatment interaction, especially in regard to progressive transformations. 258 PIAGET AND SEMANTIC NETWORK THEORY 5. DIDACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE "PROGRESSIVE TRANSFORMATION'S" APPROACH Since transformative treatment is, as we have to be aware of, not a content but definitely a cognitive, process-bound procedure, the application of the progressive transformation type of teaching as well as a possible generative teaching for gifted students has to take place with any algebraic-mathemati- cal content from the very beginning of arithmetic teaching (Steiner 1974a, b, 1983, 1988) up to the highest forms of mathematics education in secondary schools and colleges. I suppose that an equilibrium has to be established between systematic use of transformational teaching procedures and consolidating procedures such as practicing, rehearsing, applications to everyday problems (in a way that fulfills the "situated learning" requirements), and further embedding the mathematical structures into texts, and so forth. (By the way, there is good reason to apply progressive transformations to text problems as well as to other science problems, e.g., in physics or statistics!) Much of the success of the use of the progressive transformation para- digm will depend on the mathematically adequate construction of trans- formation sequences that systematically lead to the elaboration of the AMN. A cooperation between mathematicians, educational or cognitive psycholo- gists, curriculum planners, math textbook authors, and teachers is urgently needed. One problem that does not resolve itself is the measurement of the effects of progressive transformations. Since the approach involves mainly proce- dures and not so much products, measurements by means of test results are indirect and tend to miss the actual reasoning and learning processes. Teachers have to encourage the students' thinking aloud to obtain more pro- cess-oriented results that can be evaluated. Exams should include, besides the problem solutions, attempts and approaches to anticipations. All this would be part of the development of widely restructured curricular units in- cluding students' work books and other materials. Of very special merit would be (this is just a concluding idea) to develop a process-oriented prognostic instrument based on the progressive transfor- mation's approach to predict students later mathematics achievements. This chapter was first of all cognitive in kind: a partial application of Piaget-derived and adapted schema theory or algebraic-mathematical net- work theory. It is more than just a vision, since preliminary results support the theoretical direction of research and implementation as well. It might open up a path to a new culture of mathematical reasoning and learning. GERHARD STEINER 259 Aebli, H. (1963). Über die geistige Entwicklung des Kindes. Stuttgart Klett. REFERENCES PIAGET AND SEMANTIC NETWORK THEORY Aebli, H. (1978). Von Piagets Entw icklungspsychologie zur Theorie der kognitiven Sozialisation. In G. Steiner (Ed.), Piaget und die Folgen. Die Psychologie des 20. Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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