British Society Британское общество ж national Entity and Differences
part in national life. Catholics could not become members of the Dublin
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British Society Британское общество by Болдак И А , Валько О В z
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- T h e Coat of A r m s of Ireland
part in national life. Catholics could not become members of the Dublin parliament, and could not vote in parliamentary elections. No Catholic could become a lawyer, go to university, join the navy or accept any public post. Catholics were not even allowed to own a horse worth more than £5. It was impossible for Catholics to have their children educated according to their religion, because Catholic schools were forbidden. Although there were still far more Catholics than Protestants, they had now become second-class citizens in their own land. New laws were passed which divided Catholic families. The son of Catholic parents who became Protestant could take over his parents' pro- perty and use it as he wanted. These actions put the Irish Catholic popula- tion in the same position as other colonised peoples later on. Hatred be- tween the ruling Protestant settlers and the ruled Catholic Irish was una- voidable. By the 1770s, however, life had become easier and some of the worst laws against Catholics were removed. Inspired by the French Revolution of 1789, the Irish began their struggle to be free from England. Many of the new Irish nationalists were Protestant. However, the majority of the Protes- tants, particularly in Ulster, felt threatened by the Irish Catholic majority, and formed the Orange Order, a solidarity association of Hodges', or branches. The title 'Orange' refers to William of Orange, or King Billy as Protestant Ulstermen call him. It says much about entrenched sectarian attitudes, that both Loyalists and Nationalists prefer to forget that King Billy's army con- tained a large number of Catholic soldiers. ; 3. How did the political ; In order to increase British control Ire- : and economic situation in : land was united with Britain in 1801, and the : Ireland develop in the : Dublin parliament closed. The United Kingdom : ХЕК* century? : ofGreat Britain and Ireland lasted for 120 years. • Politicians had promised Irish leaders that when Ireland became part of Britain the Catholics would get equal voting opportuni ties. But George III, supported by most Tories and by many Protestant Irish landlords, refused to let this happen. 54 In the nineteenth century, an increasing number of Protestant Irish turned to England as a protection against the Catholic inhabitants. To the Catholics, however, most Irish Protestants were a reminder that England, a foreign country; was still as powerful in Ireland as it had been in 1690. The struggle for Irish freedom from English rale became a struggle between Catholic and Protestant. The first great victory for Irish freedom was when Catholics were allowed to become MPs in 1829. In fact in Ireland this deci sion was accompanied by a repression of civil and political liberties. Even so, the fact that a Catholic could enter Parliament increased Irish national feeling. After the extensions of the franchise in the XlXth centurv a nation alist party won most of the seats. Soon its MPs were demanding self- government, or 'home rule' - a status similar to Canada's. But while this feeling was growing, Ireland suffered the worst disaster in its entire history. For three years, 1845, 1846 and 1847, the potato crop, which was the main food of the poor, failed. Since the beginning of the century, the population had risen quickly from five to eight million. In these three years 1.5 million (about 20 per cent) died from hunger. At the same time Ireland had enough wheat to feed the entire population, but it was grown for export to England by the mainly Protestant landowners. The government in London failed to realise the seriousness of the problem. ; 4. Why did the term 'Irish ; Many Irish people had little choice but : E m i g r a t i o n ' become : to leave. At least a million left during these ; widely spread? : years, but many more followed during the rest of the century because of the great poverty in Ireland. Most settled in the United States. Between 1841 and 1920 almost five million settled there. Some went eastwards to the towns and cities of Britain. Many helped to build Britain's railways. The Irish population has still not yet grown to the same level. Today it is less than five million (three million in the Republic of Ireland, 1.5 million in Northern Ireland), only a little more than half what it was in 1840. Emigra tion from Ireland continues. The Irish who went to the United States did not forget the old country. Nor did they forgive Britain. By 1880 many Irish Americans were rich and powerful and were able to support the Irish freedom movement. They have had an influence on British policy in Ireland ever since. Q u e s t i o n s : 1. What are the two lasting problems of Anglo-Irish relations 9 2. The battlecries 'remember the Boyne!" and ' N o Surrender!' are used until now. Who uses them? Why? 3. When was the law adding Ireland to the UK passed? What events followed it? 4. What was the first nationalist party in Ireland? Why was it given its name? ; Additional T h e Coat of A r m s of Ireland : Reading '. • : Do you know that on the coat of arms of Ireland there is a picture of a red right hand? Why does Ireland have a picture of a hand on its coat of arms? It happened three thousand years ago. Two Viking chieftains went with their men in two big boats to Ireland. The first cMeftam's name was Heremon O'Nedl, the name of the other we do not know. 'The first of us who will touch the Irish land will be the king of i t ' they said. At last they were hear the Irish coast. The two boats were going faster and faster. But the boat of Heremon O'Neill was not so fast as the boat of the other chieftain. When the boats were quite near the land, O'Neill quickly cut off his right hand and threw it over to the land. His hand touched the land and he became the king of Ireland. That is why there is a picture of a hand on the coat of anus of Ireland. Download 446.71 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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