British Society Британское общество ж national Entity and Differences
particularly in Glasgow, and hostility between Catholics and Protestants oc
Download 446.71 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
British Society Британское общество by Болдак И А , Валько О В z
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- ; The Invisible Scot
particularly in Glasgow, and hostility between Catholics and Protestants oc casionally produces fights, usually associated with football matches. The Presbyterian Church of Scotland is completely separate from the Anglican Church, has its own organisation and appoints its own ministers. Presbyterianism is a severe form of Protestantism, founded in the sixteenth century and following the teaching of the great French reformer. Calvm. John Knox, a Roman Catholic priest who yvas converted to Protestantism, established Presbyterianism in Scotland. • 3 In what yvav is the ' Because of the Puritan influence educa- '• Scottish system of educa- • tion was for a long time more easily accessible • tion different from the • to the people and more democratic than in Eng- \ E n gii s h one o ; land. Three hundred years ago nearly every ; Scottish community had a good school, and for a very long time after that, while most students at Oxford and Cambridge w ere the sons of rich men amusing themselves, the four universities of Scotland were full of poor students who had no means or inclination to do anything but study 3 1 Some became school teachers or ministers of the Church of Scotland, but many others took the road to England to seek their fortunes and to use their abilities which education had developed in them. This process is sometimes called the conquest of England by the Scots, and it has not stopped yet. The Scottish Education Department is responsible for education in Scotland. Scottish public schools (here 'public' is used in its proper meaning, for the use of everyone) have been comprehensive for much longer than the schools across the border. Scottish children move from primary to second ary schools at the age of twelve, not eleven as in England. The Scottish universities were closer to the European model, and some still have a four - rather than three-year undergraduate cycle. : 4. What are the specific ; The Scottish system of law is similar to • features of Scottish law 0 } the English one, but is more influenced by Roman law, as in Europe. The main civil courts are the Sheriffs' courts and the Court of Session (Сессионный суд). The Court of Session is divided into an Outer House (Внешняя палата) - a court of first instance and the Inner House (Внутренняя палата) - a court of appeal. Less serious criminal cases are tried in the Sheriffs' courts, but more serious ones go to the High Court of Justiciary (Высший уголовный суд). Juries in Scotland are made up of fifteen citizens. Minor offences are dealt with in district courts. The senior law officer in the High Court of Justiciary and in all Scotland is the Lord Justice General (Лорд верховный судья), and the Lord Justice Clerk is second in rank. Unlike in England, where the Crown Prosecution Service is a recent innovation. Scotland's Lord Advocate (генеральный прокурор по делам Шотландии) is responsible for all prosecutions. The work is carried out on his behalf by his deputy, the Solicitor General for Scotland (генеральный стряпчий Шотландии), and by local officials, known as 'procurators fis cal'. The Secretary of State for Scotland, always a Scottish MP, is respon sible for the appomtment of most judges. ; 5. What spheres are the : During the twentieth century there has '• responsibility of depart- • been growing resentment in Scotland because ; ments of the Scottish Of- ; of the concentration of political power in Lon- : fice? ". don. The government in Whitehall made some effort to take account of Scotland's distinc tive position in the United Kingdom. A Scottish Office was established in 1885. and since 1945 education, health, agriculture, roads, transport, planning, housing and public order have all been handled by departments within the Scottish Office. They are also under the political control of the Secretary of State for Scotland, who must always be a Scottish MP. Legislation concerning these matters has for a long time been separately passed for Scotland. The Scottish health service is based, for example, on the National Health Service (Scotland) Act, and the Local Government (Scotland) Act of 1973 reformed Scottish local government in a way different, from the English, with 'regions' instead of 'counties'. In 1975 a Scottish Development Board was established to con centrate on reviving Scotland's economy. Q u e s t i o n s : 1. What are the most important symbols of Scottish identity? What do they reflect? 2. What role does the Church of Scotland, the Kirk, play in a national life? 3. What do you know about the Kirk's organization and its traditions? 4. Why is the Scottish system of education considered to be more dem ocratic than that of England? 5. What is the structure of the Scottish system of law? 6. When was the Scottish Office established and what are the spheres of its control? ; Additional ; The Invisible Scot ! Reading '. Here are some brief extracts from an article written by a Scotswoman, Janet Swinney, which expresses anger at how the dominance of England over Scotland is reflected in the way things are described. First, there is 'domination by omission'. A map appeared in the Ob server newspaper in May 1989 under the heading 'Britain's Dirty Rivers". It showed only England and Wales. Janet Swinney says: 'What is the mean ing of this illustration? Does Scotland have no rivers or no dirty rivers, or has someone simplv used the word Britain to mean England and WalesT Second, she points out the common use of England English to mean Britain British: 'When I went to Turkey a few years ago with an assorted group of Britons, most of the English were happy to record their nationality 32 on their embarkation cards as English, and saw nothing offensive about it. It's not unusual, either, for Scots to receive mail from elsewhere in the US addressed Scotland, England ... A third aspect of domination can be seen in the names given to publi- cations and organizations: 'The practice is to label anything that pertains to England and (usually) Wales as though it were the norm, and anything Scot- tish as though it were a deviation from it. Why else do we have The Times Educational Supplement and The Times Educational Supplement (Scot- land), the 'National Trust' and the 'National Trust for Scotland', the 'Trades Union Congress' and the 'Scottish Trades Union Congress'? In a society of equals, all these names would carry their geographical markers: The Times Educational Supplement (England and Wales) etc'. Download 446.71 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling