British Society Британское общество ж national Entity and Differences
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British Society Британское общество by Болдак И А , Валько О В z
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- CHAPTER IV THE IRISH § 1. The Colonization of Ireland
- ; H o w Ireland Got Its N a m e
St. D a v i d ' s D a y
Dewi ('David' in English), was the son of a Welsh chieftain. He was brought up as a Christian and went abroad to learn more 4 9 about the life of a monk Then he returned to Wales and founded many monasteries which became centres of religion and learning m the Welsh countryside. The monks lived a simple life of prayer, growing their own herbs and vegetables and offering generous hospitality to anyone in need. Because of David's holiness and his inspiring teaching, he was made a bish op. The centre of his bishopric was in the settlement now known as St. David's on the Western tip of the country of Dyfed. David is thought to have died on 1 st March, AD 589, and his shrine at St. David's was a place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages. Later, when peo ple of North and South Wales became one nation, he was chosen as the patron saint of Wales. A legend tells how David suggested that his people should wear a leek in their bonnets during battles so that they could be easily recognized; Welsh Guards are still distinguished by a green and white plume in their black bear skins. At Windsor, on the Sunday nearest St.David's Day, it is now a tradi tion that every member of the Brigade of Welsh Guards is given a leek by a member of the Royal Family. However, as St. David's Day is celebrated at the beginning of Spring when daffodils are blooming, this flower has become a second, more graceful emblem of Wales. David's own emblem is a dove. It is said that David had a sweet singing voice. He encouraged his monks to sing as well as possible for the glory of God. and perhaps this was the beginning of the Welsh tradition of fine made-voice choirs. CHAPTER IV THE IRISH § 1. The Colonization of Ireland ; 1. Who were the first in- ; Ireland was never invaded by either the : vaders on the Irish tern- : Romans or the Anglo-Saxons. It had a floun- '• t o n ? • shing Celtic Culture. People lived in tribes, the kings were chosen by election. Five kingdoms grew up in Ireland: Ulster in the North, Munster in the southwest, Leinster in the southeast, Connaught in the west, with Тага as the seat of the high kings of Ireland. Christianity came to Ireland in about AD 430. It was brought to the country by a British slave, Patrick, who became the 'patron saint' of Ire land. Christian monasteries grew up and culture floyvered, but the five king doms were often at war. This 'golden age' ended with the arrival of Vikings. who robbed monasteries. Nevertheless, Viking raids forced the Irish to unite. In 859 Ireland chose its first high king, Brian Born, who ruled from 1002 to 1014 and is considered as Ireland's greatest ruler. In 1169 Ireland was conquered by Norman lords. Henrv II forced the Irish chiefs and Norman lords to accept his lordship, and made Dublin, the old Viking town, the capital of his new colony. Much of Western Ireland remained in the hands of Irish chiefs, while Norman lords governed most of the east. Both quietly avoided English authority as much as possible, and, as a result, the English Crown only controlled Dublin and a small area around it, known as 'the Pale'. The Irish chiefs continued to live as they always had done, moving from place to place, and eating out of doors, a habit they only gave up in the 16 th century. The Anglo-Irish lords, on the other hand, built strong stone castles, but became almost completely independent from the English Crown. Such state of things had lasted till the time of Henry YIII, who destroyed the power of Anglo-Irish noble families and persuaded the Irish parliament to recognise him as king of Ireland. • 2. What did the Bntish con- : Henry YIII tried to make the Irish ac- ; quest of Ireland result in? ; cept his English Church Reformation. But in Ireland the monasteries and the Church were still an important part of economic and social life. The Irish nobility and gentry felt it was too dangerous to take monastic land and refused to touch it. When an Anglo-Irish noble rebelled against Henry YIII, he did so in the name of Catholocism. Henry YIII failed to get what he wanted in Ireland. In fact he made things worse by bringing Irish nationalism and Catholicism together against English rule. It is possible that, without the danger of foreign invasion, the Tudors might have given up trying to control the Irish. But Ireland tempted Catholic Europe as a place from which to attack the English. In 1580, during Eliza beth I's reign, many Irish rebelled, encouraged by the arrival of a few r Span ish and French soldiers. The rebellious population yvas treated with great cruelty by the English. The Tudors fought four wars during the period to make the Irish ac cept their authority and their religion. Ulster was a specially difficult area to bring under control. The soldiers of the province of Ulster successfully fought against Elizabeth Is armies until 1603, but were finally defeated. Then the Plantation of Ulster' began. Plantation' meant that twenty-three new towns 51 were built in Ulster to protect the needs of 170.000 new Protestant settlers known as 'planters', most of whom came from Scotland. Religion separated the planters and native Irishmen. The Scots plant ers were Presbyterians, a form of Protestantism, and they were deeply sus picious of Catholics and Catholicism. The seeds of the land problem were also sowed then. The Protestant settlers took most of the good land, and native Irish were forced to leave or to work for the new-comers. The coun ty of Deny in Ulster was taken over by a group of London merchants. The town was renamed Londonderry, after its new owners. On the other hand, the settlers brought with them their own laws and customs relating to land, which encouraged greater social stability and economic growth. The Scots also placed great emphasis on education and hard work, and they were good at business. Ulster became more industrialized, the old Gaelic way of life was destroyed and English government introduced sooner in this region. Q u e s t i o n s : 1. What were the origins of Irish people? 2. What were the ancient Irish ways of life? 3. When did the colonization start 11 4. When was Ireland brought under systematic control? 5. When did 'Plantation' of Ulster begin? What did it mean? 6. What idea united the Irish national forces in their anti-English struggle? 7. Why did Spain and France support the Irish? ; Additional ; H o w Ireland Got Its N a m e : Reading '. : : There is an old legend about Ireland. The legend tells us that the famous green Isle was at one time hidden under water. But the water only retreated for a short while every seventh year. During such a time when the island appeared out of the water it looked so green and beau tiful that many brave people tried to build homes and remain on it. Then the beautiful island would be swallowed up by the sea again and disappear for another seven years. It was known, however, that the island could be saved from the sea only by burying a piece of iron in its heart as soon as it appeared out of the water. Since that time iron was believed to be a luck-bringing metal. When another seven years passed and the island appeared out of the water, a certain brave man came to it and-buried his sword in its heart. After that the island was not swallowed up by the waves again. Because of this legend the island came to be known as Ironland or Ireland. It is because of this tradition that iron is always believed to be lucky by the Irish, and when a piece of iron is found in the form of a horseshoe, it is put up for luck above the house door. Download 446.71 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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