cep
Input
Environmental Taxation in France
3
1
Introduction
Environmental taxes are used by Member States as a means to achieve environmental standards set
by EU law,
such as the Directive
1
on the reduction of national emissions
of certain atmospheric
pollutants.
2
As the legislative procedure to adopt EU tax law requires the unanimity of the Council,
Member States struggle to agree on a common taxation framework for environmental taxes. Thus, the
fact that environmental taxes are adopted at national level leads to large tax differences within the
EU. For example, environmental tax revenues in France as a share of
GDP are well below the EU
average.
In the run-up to expected legislative initiatives of the EU Commission as part of the Green Deal –
including one on screening and benchmarking green budgeting practices of the Member States and of
the EU
3
– this cep
Input analyses the current framework of environmental taxes in France, in particular
taxes on transport, pollution and resources and seeks to draw lessons which may also apply to other
Member States. First, we present the EU framework (section 2), as well as the economic and the French
legal perspectives (sections 3 and 4). Next, we detail environmental taxes in France (section 5) and
evaluate their effectiveness (section 6). We end by drawing some conclusions (section 7).
2 EU Framework
The definition of an environmental tax is harmonised at the EU level
by Regulation on European
environmental economic accounts.
4
According to this Regulation, an environmental tax is “a tax whose
base is a physical unit [...] of something that has a proven, specific negative impact on the environment
[...]”.
5
It is therefore defined by its base and not by the way in which its revenues are used nor by the
intention behind its establishment. This definition is used by both Eurostat and the French system of
national accounts.
6
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