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Environmental Taxes in France – the Legal Perspective
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4 Environmental Taxes in France – the Legal Perspective
The French legal framework for public finances also applies to environmental taxation. Finance Acts determine the revenue and expenditure of the State for a calendar year and are adopted in accordance with the provisions of the Organic Law on Finance Acts of 2001 15 (LOLF). 16 The French budget encompasses • the general budget – which brings together all of the State’s revenues, in line with the non- assignment rule 17 –, • the ancillary budgets – which include some charges 18 – and • special accounts 19 that comprise four categories, including special earmarked accounts. 20 9 European Environment Agency (EEA) (1996), Environmental Taxes – Implementation and Environmental Effectiveness, Copenhagen, Environmental Issues Series No. 1, [hereinafter: EEA (1996), Environmental Taxes], pp. 15 et seq., https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-000-6 . 10 A “Pigouvian tax” is tax with a rate equal to the external cost of an additional unit of emissions of pollutants. Pigou, A. (1920), The Economics of Welfare. 11 Williams III., R.C. (2016), Environmental Taxation, p. 4. 12 Ibid. 13 This is in line with the definition used by Eurostat. Eurostat, Eurostat metadata, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/env_ac_tax_esms.htm . 14 Chiroleu-Assouline, M. (2015), La fiscalité environnementale en France peut-elle devenir réellement écologique?, https://www.cairn.info/revue-de-l-ofce-2015-3-page-129.htm . 15 Loi organique n° 2001-692 du 1 août 2001 relative aux lois de finances, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000394028&dateTexte=20200327 . 16 Constitution of 4 October 1958, Art. 34, https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/constitution-of-4-october-1958 . 17 Loi organique n° 2001-692 du 1 août 2001 relative aux lois de finances, Art. 6 . 18 Ibid., Art. 18 . 19 Ibid., Art. 19 and 21 . 20 Loi n° 2019-1479 du 28 décembre 2019 de finances pour 2020, Art. 89 and 90 : Until the Finance Act for 2020, some special earmarked accounts were related to the environment ("Energy transition" created in 2015; "Support for the acquisition of clean vehicles", created in 2007). These accounts are now scheduled to be closed. cepInput Environmental Taxation in France 5 The rules concerning the tax base, rates and methods of collection of all types of taxes are determined in statutes. 21 Hence, Finance Acts are initiated by the Government, but adopted by Parliament. 22 Environmental taxes can be split into three categories, based on their purpose. 23 (1) The purpose of “fiscal environmental taxes” is budgetary, meaning that the principal objective pursued by the legislator is to raise revenue for the general budget. 24 (2) Through “corrective taxes” the legislator seeks to achieve a general interest objective, such as preserving and improving the environment 25 or fighting against global warming. 26 (3) “Charges” refer to the payment by the users of a public service of a sum of money, which is proportional to the service rendered – direct compensation for the public service. 27 Before their promulgation, the Constitutional Council 28 can examine the conformity of Finance Acts with the French Constitution. 29 The Constitution guarantees inter alia “equality before taxation”, which comprises the principles of equality before the tax law and before the public expenses burden. 30 According to these principles, differences between taxpayers should be directly linked to the purpose of the tax, and based on objective and rational criteria linked to the objective pursued by the legislator. 31 The French “Charter for the Environment” — which has constitutional rank since 2005 32 — ensures rights and duties such as the right to live in a balanced and healthy environment and the polluter pays principle. 33 For Constitutional Council Decisions the coherence of environmental taxation is particularly relevant. 34 When examining the “equality before taxation”, the Constitutional Council examines whether the legislator wanted to raise revenue or to achieve a general interest objective. 35 With regard to fiscal environmental taxes, the Constitutional Council principally examines whether the 21 Constitution of 4 October 1958, Art. 34 . 22 Ibid., Art. 24, 34, 40 and 47 . 23 If the purpose is unclear, the legislator’s reason for devising the tax can be clarified by analysing the explanatory memorandum and the impact assessment, which the Government submits along with the draft Finance Act, as well as the debates in Parliament. Conseil des impôts (2005), Fiscalité et environnement, 23 ème rapport au Président de la République, pp. 10–11 [hereinafter: Conseil des impôts (2005), Fiscalité et environnement], https://www.ccomptes.fr/sites/default/ files/EzPublish/Rapport_2.pdf ; EEA (1996), Environmental Taxes, p. 21. 24 Inspection Générale des Finances (IGF) / Conseil Général de l'Economie (CGE) / Conseil Général de L'Environnement et du Développement Durable (CGEDD) (2018), Évaluation de l'Impact Environnemental et Économique de la Taxe Générale sur les Activités Polluantes (TGAP) sur les Émissions de Polluants Atmosphériques, [hereinafter: IGC / CGE / CGEDD (2018), TGAP Air Report], p. 14, https://www.vie-publique.fr/sites/default/files/rapport/pdf/194000383.pdf ; Collin, P. (2014), Fiscalité environnementale et Constitution. 25 Charter for the Environment of 2004, Art. 2, https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/charter-for-the-environment . 26 IGC / CGE / CGEDD (2018), TGAP Air Report, p. 14; Collin, P. (2014), Fiscalité environnementale et Constitution. 27 Conseil constitutionnel, Decision of 23 June 1982, No 82–124 L, FR:CC:1982:82.124.L , paragraphs 2–5, https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decisions . 28 Constitution of 4 October 1958, Art. 56 et seq . 29 Ibid., Art. 61(2) . 30 Ibid., Preamble combined with Declaration of Human and Civic Rights of 26 August 1789, Art. 6 and 13, https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/declaration-of-human-and-civic-rights-of-26-august-1789 ; Fouquet, O. (2011), Nouveaux Cahiers du Conseil constitutionnel n° 33, https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/nouveaux-cahiers-du-conseil- constitutionnel/le-conseil-constitutionnel-et-le-principe-d-egalite-devant-l-impot . 31 Fouquet, O. (2011), Nouveaux Cahiers du Conseil constitutionnel n°33. 32 Loi constitutionnelle n° 2005-205 du 1er mars 2005 relative à la Charte de l'environnement, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/loi/2005/3/1/JUSX0300069L/jo/texte . 33 Charter for the Environment of 2004, Art. 1–4 . By Decision No. 2019-823 QPC , the Constitutional Council also enshrined the constitutional rank of the objective of environmental protection. 34 Assemblée nationale (1998), Rapport d’information n° 1000, sur la fiscalité écologique, p. 29, http://www.assemblee- nationale.fr/rap-info/i1000.asp ; Collin, P. (2014), Fiscalité environnementale et Constitution. 35 IGC / CGE / CGEDD (2018), TGAP Air Report, p. 15; Beaufils, C. (2019), Le cadre juridique de la fiscalité environnementale, p. 28. 6 cepInput Environmental Taxation in France public expenses burden is equally distributed among the citizens, according to their ability to pay. 36 With regard to environmental corrective taxes, the polluter pays principle also has to be taken into account, based on the taxpayer’s damage to the environment. 37 Thus, the Constitutional Council assesses mainly whether the design of the tax adopted matches its purpose. 38 This will not be the case if differences in the way taxpayers are treated are not directly related to the objective being pursued — in particular where the exemptions are too numerous or are unconnected with the stated objective. 39 For instance, the Constitutional Council has censured the provision in the Finance Act for 2010 introducing a CO 2 tax via a “carbon contribution”, because the system of exemptions was in contradiction with the stated objective of fighting against global warming — and thus in breach of the principle of equal distribution of the public expenses burden. 40 In fact, the preparatory legislative works indicated that the main purpose of this tax was to “implement instruments to facilitate a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions”. 41 By contrast, in another decision, the Constitutional Council validated the increase and assignment of the tax on flight tickets for 2020 as compliant with the Constitution. 42 The Constitutional Council ruled that the main purpose of the tax was budgetary rather than corrective — even if one of the objectives was to combat greenhouse gases through the development of rail transport — and that the criteria used for taxation were objective and rational. 43 Download 373.93 Kb. 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