Chapter 1 lexicology as a part of linguistics: types and approaches

General: A subfield of general linguistics, general lexicology examines the universal characteristics of words as well as the unique characteristics of words in a given language. It investigates the quirks of universally used terms. The study of general lexicology looks for commonalities in vocabulary growth and usage. Language universals are linguistic facts and traits that apply to all languages.

Special: The description of the distinctive features in a specific language's vocabulary is the focus of special lexicology. The words of a certain language are the focus of special lexicology. For instance, lexicology in Russian or English.

Descriptive: The words "to take" and "to adopt" are regarded in descriptive lexicology as being native to English, much as words like "child" and "foot," etc. Nevertheless, they are regarded as borrowed terms in historical lexicology.

Historical: The focus of historical lexicology is the evolution of any vocabulary as well as any vocabulary's individual elements. This area of linguistics examines the genesis and modification of words as well as the linguistic and extralinguistic factors influencing word structure, meaning, and usage.

Comparative: The characteristics of the vocabularies of two or more languages are the focus of comparative lexicology. The primary distinguishing characteristics of words from two or more languages are compared in comparative lexicology. For instance, English-French lexicology, Russian-English lexicology, and so on.

English lexicology is significant since it is currently the most frequently spoken language in the world, regardless of how large its vocabulary may be. According to "A Grammar of Contemporary English" by R. Quirk, S. Greenbaum, G. Leech, and J. Svartvik (1978), one of the most fundamental books on the English language ever written, nearly 300 million people in Britain, the United States, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and other nations speak it as their first language. When we consider that lexicology is the study of one of the three primary components of language, namely its vocabulary, the theoretical importance of lexicology becomes clear.
Lexicology is strongly related to other linguistic features including grammar, phonetics, language history, and stylistics. Lexicology and grammar are related because words rarely occur alone and because communication does not consist of just words. Communication is only possible when words are united and connected by a language's grammatical rules (Arap Anarbaev, 2011:5). On the other hand, a word's lexical meaning is influenced by its grammatical form and function. For instance: The verb "go" in the continuous tenses denotes a future action when it is preceded by "to" and an infinitive. E.g. He won't be reading this book. Participle II of the verb “be” denotes the negative meaning. For example: The house is gone.
As a result, the word meanings have grammatical conditions. Because the arrangement and sequence of the phonemes affect the meaning, lexicology and phonetics are connected. For instance, the meaning of the words "tip" and "pit" is solely determined by the order in which the phonemes are arranged. The phonemes of the words "increase՛" and "increase" are arranged in the same way. The variation in meaning is only determined by stress.
Thus, it should be concluded, that Lexicology's primary goals and duties are unique. The study of word structure and word development, vocabulary classification, and the relationships between various lexical layers of English vocabulary are all topics covered by modern lexicology. It has theoretical and practical applications as a science. The idea of meaning, which was initially formed within the philosophical discipline, is where the theoretical value of lexicology comes from. One of the key issues in Gnostic beliefs is the connection between the name and the object. The study done within the frameworks of lexicology satisfies the demands of several other fields, including lexicography, literary criticism, and teaching foreign languages.