Chapter I: the pecularities of formal and informal language

CHAPTER II: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN USAGE OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE
2.1.The grammatical distinctions between formal and informal language
As we know, grammar is the essential branch of linguistic. It is clear that the term “grammar” has meant various things at various times and sometimes several things at one time. This plurality of meaning is characteristic of the present time and is the source of confusions in the discussion of grammar as part of the education of children. There have been taking place violent disputes on the subject of teaching grammar at school. The ability to talk about the grammar of a language, to recite its rules, is also very different from ability to speak and understand a language or to read and write it. Those who can use a language are often unable to recite its rules, and those who can recite its rules can be unable to use it.
Grammar lays the groundwork for effective communication. Grammatical errors come in many forms and all can easily confuse and obscure meaning. Some common errors are with sentence structure, subject, verb tense, punctuation, spelling and other basic mechanics and parts of speech. Even something as simple as misplaced comma can completely change the meaning of a sentence. For example, ,,Let’s eat grandpa” vs ,,Let’s eat, grandpa. Grammamr makes written content more readeable and in turn more interesting.
There are some significant peculiarities of the differences between formal and informal language according to the grammar:

1. 
   Sentences. We can use longer and more complicated sentences in formal language. For example: ,,Toyota’s US sales bounced back in March as substantial discounts helped to win back customers who had been shaken by the firm’s mass safety recalls. We use simpler and shorter sentences in informal language. For example: ,,Did you see Toyota’s sales figures? Look like the discounts have actually worked.
   
2. 
   Contractions. We can not use contracted forms in formal language, we may use contracted words in informal language. We use contractions (I’m, we’re) in everyday speech and informal writing. Contractions, which are sometimes called ‘short forms’, commonly combine a pronoun or noun and a verb, or a verb and not, in a shorter form. Contractions are usually not appropriate in formal writing. We make contractions with auxiliary verbs, and also with be and have when they are not auxiliary verbs. When we make a contraction, we commonly put an apostrophe in place of a missing letter.
   

The following are the most common contractions. Contractions with I, you, he, she, it, we, and they
’m = am (I’m)
’re = are (you’re, we’re, they’re)
’s = is and has (he’s, she’s, it’s)
’ve = have (’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve)
’ll = will (I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, it’ll, we’ll, they’ll)
’d = had and would (I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, it’d, we’d, they’d)
Contractions with auxiliary verb and not
The contraction for not is n’t:

aren’t	=	are not (we aren’t, you aren’t)
can’t	=	cannot
couldn’t	=	could not
didn’t	=	did not (I didn’t, they didn’t)
hasn’t	=	has not
haven’t	=	have not
isn’t	=	is not (she isn’t, it isn’t)
mustn’t	=	must not
shan’t	=	shall not
shouldn’t	=	should not
wasn’t	=	was not
weren’t	=	were not
won’t	=	will not
wouldn’t	=	would not

We use contractions with be + negative in two ways: