Chapter: lexicology and its object subject matter of Lexicology

Answer the following questions:
1. What is understood by the term «synonym»? 2. Are there complete synonyms in English? 3. Can polysemantic words have the same synonyms in all their meanings? 4. What is the dominant of a synonymic group? 5. What is the difference between ideographic synonyms and stylistic ones? 6. Do the synonym' occur in the same surroundings? 7. What is the collocability of synonyms? 8. are the main sources of synonyms? 9. What is understood by the «antonyms»? 10. What is the classification of antonyms? 11. What is the interchangeability of antonyms in contexts? J2. What are the semantic fields? 13. What is the difference between neologism and obsolete words? 14. What words are called emotionally coloured words? 15 What is the difference between stylistically marked words and stylistically neutral words? 16. What is the correlation of different aspects of words? 17. What is the correlation of number of meanings of the words and their derivational structure? 18. What is the interdependence between the number of meanings of the word and its stylistic" reference? 19. What is the interdependence between the number of. meanings of the words and their wordbuilding ability?


Problems for discussion
1. Discuss different types of meaning: denotational and connotational, grammatical and lexical.
2. Discuss the hierarchy of meanings (central or marginal meanings) in connection with the problem of meaning of isolated words.
3. Discuss meaning at the level of morphemes, words and phrases (word-groups).
4. Discuss the classification of words into notional and form-words. Note different terms used to denote these word classes.
5. Discuss the concept of marked and unmarked members of opposition in Lexicology.
6. Discuss different types of motivation. Note that only phonetic and morphological motivation proceeds from form to meaning.
7. Discuss the ways of differentiating various meanings of the same word.
8. Discuss statistical approach to the problem of meaning and to lexicological problems in general.
9. Discuss the problem of polysemy and the interrelation of polysemy and frequency value of the word.
10. Discuss the concept and definition of distribution and the distributional analysis of meaning.
11 . Discuss the term 'collocation'. Note the interrelation between collocation and meaning.
12. Discuss meaning by collocation and compare it with lexical valency of words.
13. Discuss different types o! contexts: linguistic (verbal) and non-linguistic context or context of situation. Note the difference between lexical and grammatical contexts and their roie in differentiating the meanings of polysemantic words.
14. Discuss the types of contexts essential (or determining the meanings: (a) of such words as maagdo and words cucumber, potato, eat and the like; (b) of lexical homonyms and lexico-grammatical homonyms resulting from conversion.
15 Discuss the concept of semantic field. Note synonymous use of the terms ,lexical field' and 'semantic field'.
16 Compare associative, lexical and conceptual fields.
j7 Compare different approaches to synonymy.
[g Note the interrelation of synonymy and antonymy.
19 Discuss the criterion of interchangeability of synonyms.
20 Analyse the most typical differences between synonyms as described by prof. \V E. Collinson. Classify them according to the type of meaning: denotational and connotational.
21. Discuss the problem of absolute synonymy.
22. Discuss the three laws of synonymy; the law of distribution, the law of synonymic attraction and the law of radiation of synonyms.
23. Discuss typical synonymic patterns in English.
24. Compare different approaches to homonymy.
25. Discuss the problem of relations between vocabulary and culture.
26. Discuss the concept of abstract and concrete languages. Compare The Russian идти , ехать , лететь and the English go in to go home, to go by train, by bus, etc.
27. Discuss the problem of adequate translation in connection with the statement that languages differ not only in the sound-form of words but also in their system of meanings.
28. Compare the system of meanings of the Uzbek килмок , бажармок and the English make and do. Show that the difference in the system of their meanings is the source of typical mistakes in foreign language learning.