Chapter: lexicology and its object subject matter of Lexicology

7. The result of borrowings
A great number of borrowings left some imprint upon the language. We can find the influence of borrowings in the vocabulary of the English language. It changed its synonymic groups because as a result of borrowings there appeared a number of synonymic groups in English.
For example feed (native) — nourish (borrowed); meet (native) — encounter (borrowed).
We can see the differentiation in meaning between native and borrowed synonymous words. For example the native word «stool» was used for all kinds of furniture where we can sit. But under the influence of the French word «chair» its meaning is narrowed now. It is used for only one kind of furniture ( табуретка — stool). As a result of borrowing some words of native origin are not used in the literary national language they have become dialected. For example, ea — cy в туплами ( поток воды ), p ека river.

Heal
	скрывать , покрывать — cover - копламок
Heal

2 A great number of borrowings influenced on the morphological structure of English. We can find a number of new affixes in English. for example, re-, inter-, able,- ee,- -sm, co-, de-, trans-, -al, -cy,-ic r -ical. These are very productive affixes. They are used mostly with romanic words. New English suffix — nik came from the Russian language in the word sputnik, now it is a very productive suffix in English. for example , - beatnik — человек отрицающий существующие социальные ценности, последователь, сторонник каких- либо идей,направлений, образа жизни,любитель чего-либо(ишкибоз ); folknik — пропагандист народных песен(миллий ашулаларни ташвикот килувчи) ; filmnik — любитель кино (киноишкибоз); protestnik — npo тестующий против чего-либо (Карши чикувчи ); peacenik — борец за мир (тинчлик учун курашувчи ); citynik — городской житель (шахарли).
The suffixes -ous,-ive,-ent are not used to form new words, they are non­productive borrowed affixes. A great number of words with bound morphemes appeared. For example, tolerate, tolerable.
The English language has adopted from other languages such pronouns as they, them, their, she, such, same and the numeral «second»;
The influence of borrowings can be seen on the phonetic structure of words in English too. There appeared a number of words of new phonetic structure. For example, words with the initial [ps] psychology, .[pn] pneumatic. In Middle English as a result of a number of French borrowings we can see the appearance of the new diphthong [oi] in English: point, joint, poison. The initial [sk] also appeared as a result of the influence of Scandinavian borrowings: skin, skip. «i» which was impossible in Old English came to be used at the beginning of the word. For example very, vain, victory. The sound [d3] began to be used at the beginning of the word. For example, jungle, journey. A high percentage of polysyllabic words can be found in English as a result of borrowings. For example, company, condition, government, important. The sound [fj] came to be used intervocal position. For example, effect, affair.
There are many . . . words, one a native word, the other a Romance loan, originally of either identical or similar meaning with some distinction made today, such as «freedom» and «liberty», «happiness» and «felicity»,_ «help» and «aid», «hide»; and «concea!», «love», and «charity», «meal» and «re-past», «wedding» and «marriage», «wish» and «desire» and we should find that the native word has a more emotional, sense is homely and unassuming, whereas the loan word is colder, aloof, more dignified, more formal...
Sometimes the word may have disappeared from the standard language and yet have survived in regional dialect. OE «eme» was replaced by «uncle», yet «eme» still survives in Scots dialect (/. A. Sheard)