Chapter Theoretical structures and explanations of teaching reading

Chapter 1. Theoretical structures and explanations of teaching reading
1.1 The essence of reading in learning process
Reading is a skill of using language to communicate by using verbal or non-verbal symbols orally in different context which can be improved by learning the language. Reading is an action that involves words to utter, those words or gaps of person’s thoughts which can be said aloud. Reading is a skill that is very essential in any language (first; second). Through the reading we can measure the success of a language proficiency. Reading is more used and learned compare to other language skills as writing, listening and reading in learning second or foreign language. Therefore, learners of second language must master the vocabulary and syntax of sentence structure because reading is all about using the accurate form of words to express thoughts.
The objective of speech is depended on the speakers’ personal goal. There are few components of reading that learners of second language have to pay attention. The speed of speech is one of the important components in reading because speaker must know what rate of speed they need to be in, to ensure there is sufficient time of processing or outgoing speech. New speakers need to monitor their output, they must always gain their feedback from interlocutors on their speech to observe their progress.
In reading class, one of teacher’s role is to communicate with students and provide them feedback on their reading. Reading is one of the very important skill for human as it would be difficult to live without communicating either in monologues or dialogues. So, it is very important for students to master English reading skills. The importance of English is emphasizing as human use reading so much in their daily life to carried out their daily activities or business. Reading has given large contribution in human work. The reading act occurs automatically once speaker obtain fluency and accuracy of the target language. Reading involves real time and face to face conversation which leads to human connection. Reading varies in different situations, objectives, speakers just need to know suitable words to utter.
Language books is a fusion between language and play. According to researches, books should be a language learning tool for children. Books is defining as an activity, which consists of rules, goal and element of fun. It means language game defines as a meaningful fun activity comprise with rules and goals. The effective speech is defined as a reading in such a way that your message is clearly to hear and acted upon. There are two main elements of reading skill:

• 
  What you say?
  
• 
  How you say it?
  

What you say means the usage and free choice of words. How you say means the usage of words from the grammatical point of view. Moreover, the speaker should remember that the shorter speech is easier to understand and memorize and shorter sentences also create the urgency of reading. The scientists state that the reading requires that learners not only know how to produce the specific point of language, such as grammar or vocabulary but also, they understand when, why and in what ways to produce the language. Reading is a collaborative process between two or more persons at the exact time and context to communicate opinions, information and emotions.
Reading is like any other type of aspect has two main skill competencies. Those are fluency and accuracy.
Fluency is the first and important competence in reading skill. Reading fluency is the ability to producing the spoken language without pausing or hesitation, ability to using appropriate stress and intonation and connecting the word in order depending on the context.
Accuracy is the main key to producing conforms for targeting the language norms. In general, the accuracy involving the correct pronunciation, using the vocabulary and grammar in appropriate way. Therefore, learners should indicate the exactness of reading competence and focusing on grammatical structures, vocabulary and pronunciation:
Ш grammatical structures – the learner’s correct usage the grammatical structure requires the complexity of the well-structured clauses;
Ш vocabulary – the appropriate usage of vocabulary means to select suitable words in suitable context. Learners should be able to use words and expressions in correct way;
Ш pronunciation – is the lowest level of knowledge in which learners typically pay attention to. Learners should master phonological rules and they should be aware of the variety of sounds and pronunciation, in that case, learners should know the stress, intonation and the way of usage of them.
English language is spoken by a quarter of countries in the world. It means that English has became the global demand, moreover this language need for economic, business and social development of any country. Even though that speak in English is really important for everyone, but conducting reading classes could be harder with no matter which level the learner has.
Reading is one the difficult skills to learn, which means not only teachers even learners can face with difficulties to learn reading in English. Most of learners can feel the being of demotivated to learn the language due to the teaching methods. There are also learners who can fell the anxiety and being shy to speak in front of classroom. For reading classes teacher have to ensure students to get the opportunity to speak in class, which means teacher can use the communicative method which focuses on real communication. Teacher helps learners to use communicative English approaches in real situations through books, instead of just focusing on the structure of language.
Learning English as a foreign language not only help speakers to understand the language, but also helps to understand their culture. Learners will gain more knowledge and possibly will develop the better understanding of learners’ own culture in a different view.
In addition, through learning foreign language learner can develop his/herself by shaping their identity. Moreover, nowadays most of the companies demand the knowledge of English language, which means it gives a chance to stand out in the competitive world. If student will know the basic structure of reading in English, he/she will take the better place in different type of spheres.
Nowadays’ education processes are definitely changed in contrast to the previous years. Due to the textbooks teacher can organize the education process in correct way by usage the methods for each lesson, which will be provided with various materials and equipment.
For all people language is the most important element for communication. The mother tongue is used daily by them and it is the essential tool for child to communicate with the environment or to show their needs. The second language, which is learnt by teachers at schools is not easy to learn as the native language. Because of the outstanding pronunciation of the second language as a linguistic example, it is absolutely necessary from the teachers’ side. Moreover, primary school teachers should be aware of the reading classes. Pupils imitate their pronunciation, use the vocabulary and the grammar. The teacher should be a role model for requiring the correctness of pronunciation. Reading has to be already existing in classes but teacher has to pay attention to the abilities of every child. Reading is also demanded from learner to discover the language.
In the foreign language as the second language, children have to perceive the need of speak. At school there is no authentic situation for children to talk with each other in foreign language. These pretending that situation of communication is not motivate the students for speech, which means that pupils are not able with other native speakers of their second language.