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Li CF 3 COOH N N N N Au 23
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21 Li CF 3 COOH
N N N N Au
EtO OEt
EtO OEt
Cl H H HCl PF 6 PF 6 Cl Scheme 9.6 (a–c) Syntheses of complexes bearing protic NHC ligands by the removal of N-substituents from the coordinated NHC ligand. using this methodology has also been demonstrated [37b]. Even the metal template-controlled reaction of propargyl amine with phenyl isocyanide followed by cyclization to yield the complex with an unsaturated protic NHC ligand has been described (Scheme 9.8c) [38]. In addition, the α-metallation of coordinated isocyanides followed by reaction with 1,2-dipolar substrates with subsequent cyclization is also known to lead complexes bearing protic heterocarbene ligands [39]. Much simpler than the template-controlled generation of β-functionalized isocyanides is their direct use in the synthesis of NHC complexes. Hydroxyalkylisocyanides such as 2-hydroxyethyl isocyanide are stable molecules but they are also known to become activated on contact with selected metal ions where they isomerizes to N,O-heterocycles. Fehlhammer et al. [40] COMPLEXES WITH NR,NH- AND NH,NH-NHCS BY TEMPLATE-CONTROLLED CYCLIZATION REACTIONS 119 L
M C N H
+ X N C XH ML x L
M C N CCl
3 + L x M C or H 2 N HX ML x X N H X = O, S, NR or NH Cl Cl
b Scheme 9.7 Syntheses of β-functionalized isocyanides followed by cylization at a metal template. L
M C O
L x M C N R (a) base
− Hbase + − C 4 H 10 + + L x M C O N Br H L
M N
H Br L x M C N N Br H L
M N
H Br R R Mn OC C OC O + N N C N Ph Mn OC C OC O + N N C N N H
H H Ph Mn OC C OC O + N N N N Ph H H 3 C Pd Cl Cl CNR C N R H 2 N EtO
OEt Pd Cl Cl CNR
C N N H H R EtO OEt Pd Cl Cl CNR
H + − 2EtOH N N R H (b)
(c) n BuLi + H
2 N Br H 2 N H Scheme 9.8 (a–c) Metal template-controlled syntheses of complexes with protic NHC ligands. used this type of cyclization for the metal template-controlled generation of NH,O-heterocarbene ligands. On coordination and activation of 2-hydroxyphenyl isocyanide at an electron-poor metal center, spontaneous cyclization to an oxazolidin-2- ylidene ligand was observed (Scheme 9.9). Homoleptic tetra- [41] and hexa-NHC complexes [42] have been obtained through this route. The cyclization of the 2-hydroxyethyl isocyanide ligand is prevented when the ligand coordinates to an electron- rich metal center as enhanced M →CNR π-backbonding deactivates the isocyanide for the intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the hydroxyl group [40c]. We have studied the metal template-controlled cyclization of 2-hydroxyphenyl isocyanide [43]. This ligand contains the isocyanide and the nucleophile within the same molecule and both groups are already arranged in one plane. This arrangement together with the aromaticity of the five-membered ring obtained after cyclization to the benzoxazolin-2-ylidene particularly favors the intramolecular nucleophilic attack and the formation of cyclic heterocarbene ligands. In contrast to 2-hydroxyethyl isocyanide, free 2-hydroxyphenyl isocyanide is unstable and cyclizes spontaneously to benzoxazole [44]. The heterocycle 120 COMPLEXES WITH PROTIC N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE (NR,NH-NHC) LIGANDS OH N
H H Cl 2 C=O
NEt 3 OH N C ML x+1 − L
C N ML x OH ML x O N H Scheme 9.9 Cyclization of coordinated 2-hydroxyethyl isocyanide. C N
x O SiMe 3 C N O SiMe
3 ML
− L C
ML x OH KF MeOH ML
O N
1. base 2. R-X
ML x O N R 25 26 27 28 Scheme 9.10 Template-controlled cyclization of 2-hydroxyphenyl isocyanide followed by N-alkylation. of benzoxazole, however, opens up on treatment with nBuLi, and the isocyanide obtained this way can be stabilized as 2-trimethylsiloxyphenyl isocyanide by reaction with trimethylsilyl chloride [45]. 2-Trimethylsiloxyphenyl isocyanide 25 (Scheme 9.10) coordinates to various electrophilic metal centers with the formation of isocyanide complexes of type 26. Subsequent cleavage of the O −SiMe 3
formation of heterocarbene complexes of type 27 with the cyclic benzoxazolin-2-ylidene ligand. The N-alkylation of the carbene heterocyle in 27 to give complexes of type 28 proceeds readily (Scheme 9.10). A large number of complexes with NH,O- and NR,O-substituted benzoxazolin-2-ylidene ligands coordinated to different template metals have been prepared [46], and this synthetic procedure has also been reviewed [29]. As in the case of the 2-hydroxyethyl isocyanide, the intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the hydroxyl group at the isocyanide carbon atom in 2-hydroxyphenyl isocyanide complexes is controlled by the strength of the M →C≡NR backbonding. Deactivation of the isocyanide ligand for a nucleophilic attack has been observed in the case of strong backbonding. In such cases, the O −SiMe
3 bond cleavage leads to complexes with the 2-hydroxyphenyl isocyanide, a ligand that is unstable in the free state, but can be stabilized by coordination and backbonding from the metal center. Force constants for the C ≡NR bonds calculated from IR data for various 2-trimethylsiloxyphenyl isocyanide complexes have allowed to predict the behavior of the coordinated ligand in complexes of type 26 after cleavage of the O −SiMe 3
V cyclizes immediately after O −SiMe 3
cleavage to give complex 29, whereas the same isocyanide ligand is stable toward cyclization when coordinated to the more electron-rich Re III in 30 (Fig. 9.2) [48]. Cleavage of the O −SiMe 3 bonds in the iron(II) complex bearing three ligands 25 yields complex 31 (Fig. 9.2) with only two benzoxazolin-2-ylidene ligands. The heterocarbene ligands are stronger
σ -donors and weaker π-acceptors than the phenyl isocyanide ligands from which they were formed. Consequently, the electron density at the iron(II) atom is increased with each cyclization and so is the backbonding to the remaining 2-hydroxyphenyl isocyanide ligand. This situation ultimately prevents the cyclization of the third isocyanide ligand, which is stabilized in complex 31 [49]. Cyclization of the remaining isocyanide ligand in 31 can be initiated by a reduction of the Fe II
iron(III). The equilibrium between complexes with the 2-hydroxyphenyl isocyanide and the benzoxazolin-2-ylidene ligands can also be influenced by the addition of selected bases that engage in hydrogen bonds to the hydroxyl group [50]. COMPLEXES WITH NR,NH- AND NH,NH-NHCS BY TEMPLATE-CONTROLLED CYCLIZATION REACTIONS 121 Re V N O O N H Cl H O Cl Cl C N Re III
OH Cl PPh 3 Cl Ph 3 P Cl Fe II N O N O H C N OH 29 30 31 Figure 9.2 Complexes with benzoxazolin-2-ylidene and 2-hydroxyphenyl isocyanide ligands. TIPSO N
N C C OTIPS N TIPSO N C C Ir Ir Ir TIPSO N OTIPS N C C OTIPS N TIPSO N C C Ir Cl Cl Cl Cl (BF 4 ) 4 33 HCl / i-PrOH 34 Ir Ir Ir Ir Cl Cl Cl Cl (Cl) 4 NH O HN O O H N O N H O H N O N H NH O HN O AgBF
4 / NCMe
2 x 32 / CH 2 Cl 2 32 N N C C [IrCp*Cl 2 ] 2 CH 2 Cl 2 N N C C Ir Ir Cl Cl Cl Cl O-TIPS TIPS-O O-TIPS
TIPS-O TIPS = Si(i -Pr) 3
Synthesis of the molecular square 34 from the tetrakis(diisocyanide)-bridged complex 33. The template-controlled synthesis of NH,O-NHC ligands from coordinated β-hydroxyphenyl isocyanides has recently been shown to be useful for the preparation of organometallic molecular squares and rectangles where four metal centers are bridged by benzobiscarbene ligands [51]. A properly β,β -functionalized phenyl-1,4-diisocyanide such as 32 can act as a bridging ligand in the synthesis of tetranuclear organometallic molecular squares in 33 that on hydrolysis of the eight β,β -trialkylsiloxy groups converts into the tetrakis(dicarbene) bridged molecular square 34 (Scheme 9.11) [52]. The metal template-controlled cyclization of β-functionalized isocyanides can be extended to the synthesis of cyclic NH,NH-NHC ligands. The required 2-aminophenyl isocyanide, however, is not stable. It rapidly cyclizes to give benzimidazole. Therefore, 2-azidophenyl isocyanide 35 (Scheme 9.12) was used as a synthon for 2-aminophenyl isocyanide. Isocyanide 35 can be coordinated to transition metals to give isocyanide complex 36. A subsequent Staudinger reaction with PR 3
group in 38. Complex 38 could not be isolated as it rapidly reacts under intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the amino group at the isocyanide carbon atom with the formation of the NH,NH-NHC complex 39. The alkylation of both NH functions to yield complex 40 proceeds readily [53]. A related reaction sequence starting from 2-(azidomethyl)phenyl isocyanide and leading to a six-membered NH,NH-NHC has been reported by Michelin et al. [54]. Alternatively, the azido function of 122 COMPLEXES WITH PROTIC N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE (NR,NH-NHC) LIGANDS C N
5 N 3 C N N 3 C N M(CO) 5 N=PPh 3 PPh
3 - N
2 N N H 1. base
2. R–X N N R 35 36 39 40 [W(CO)
5 (THF)]
37 HBr / H
2 O - O=PPh 3 C N M(CO) 5 NH 2 H
R M(CO)
5 M(CO)
5 M = Cr, Mo, W Scheme 9.12 Template-controlled reduction and cyclization of 2-azidophenyl isocyanide. ruthenium(II) coordinated 2-azidophenyl isocyanide 35 has been reduced with Zn/NH 4 Cl followed by cyclization to the NH,NH-NHC ligand [55]. The template-controlled generation of NH,NH-NHC ligands is also possible by reduction of the nitro group in coordinated 2-nitrophenyl isocyanide with Sn/HCl. In this reaction, it proved essential that the 2-nitrophenyl isocyanide is coordinated to a redox-inert metal center like the one found in the pentacarbonyl chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten complex fragments [56]. The option to alkylate the coordinated NH,NH-NHC ligand offers the possibility to generate macrocyclic poly-NHC ligands in a template-controlled approach. For example, four NH,NH-NHC ligands coordinated to Pt II in a square-planar complex have been linked to a macrocyclic tetra-NHC ligand with crown-ether topology [57]. Contrary to the difficulty to synthesize 2-azidophenyl isocyanide 35 [53], the aliphatic ligand 2-azidoethyl isocyanide 41 is readily available. This ligand, when coordinated to a suitable transition metal and after reduction of the azido group to an amino group (complex 42), also spontaneously cyclizes to give, for example, complex 43 with a saturated NH,NH- NHC ligand (Scheme 9.13, top) [58]. Again, the N,N -dialkylation of the NHC ligand in 43 proceeds readily and stepwise. Complex 43 has been obtained previously by Liu et al. from the reaction of an amine-phosphinimine with [W(CO) 6 ] that
most likely proceeds via initial deoxygenation of one carbonyl ligand by the iminophosphine to give an isocyanide ligand (complex 42), which subsequently undergoes an intramolecular attack by the amino group at the isocyanide carbon atom to give the NH,NH-NHC ligand (Scheme 9.13, bottom) [59]. As described for the complexes of 2-azidophenyl isocyanide, the azido function of coordinated 2-azidoethyl isocyanide 41 can be reduced with different reducing agents. Next to the Staudinger reaction depicted in Scheme 9.13, Zn/NH 4 Cl, In/NH 4 Cl and [Sn(bdt) 2 ]/NaBH
4 have been used as reducing agents [55] in addition to FeCl 3 /NaI [60]. The cyclization reactions of 2-aminophenyl or 2-aminoethyl isocyanide followed by N,N -dialkylation constitute a complementary methodology for the preparation of complexes bearing cyclic diaminocarbenes relative to the classic method starting from azolium cations [15]. In addition, the coordinated NH,NH-NHC ligands are useful building blocks for the synthesis of complexes bearing macrocyclic ligands with NHC donor functions. For example, three saturated NH,NH-NHC ligands like those found in complex 43 have been generated at a rhenium(I) template [55]. At the platinum(II) template, both the trans-dicarbene complex 44 [61] and the tetracarbene complex 45 [62] have been prepared (Scheme 9.14). Exchange of the PMe 3 ligands in 44 for phenyldivinylphosphine ligands allows for a hydroamination reaction with the formation of a neutral [16]ane-P 2 C NHC 2 macrocycle [61]. Tridentate [11]ane- P 2 C NHC macrocycles have been obtained from complexes bearing one saturated NH,NH-NHC ligand and functionalized diphosphines [63]. Attempts to generate three NH,NH-NHC ligands at the {CpFe} +
electronic situation at the metal center. Reduction and cyclization of the 2-azidoethyl isocyanide ligands in complex 47 creates NH,NH-NHC ligands that are much better σ -donors than their σ -donor/π-acceptor predecessor isocyanide ligands
COMPLEXES WITH NR,NH- AND NH,NH-NHCS BY TEMPLATE-CONTROLLED CYCLIZATION REACTIONS 123 C N W(CO) 5 N 3 C N N 3 1. PMe 3 , - N
2 W(CO)
5 N N H 1. base
2. R-X W(CO)
5 N N R 41 43 [W(CO)
5 (THF)]
H R 2. H 2 O / HCl
- O=PMe 3 (OC) 5 W C O + H 2 N N R 3 P C N W(CO)
5 NH 2 42 Scheme 9.13 Template syntheses of a complex bearing a saturated NH,NH-NHC ligand. C N
3 41 2 + [Pt(PMe 3 ) 4 ]Cl
2 MeOH
Pt N N N N Pt PMe 3 PMe 3 N N N N N N N N H H H H H H H H H H H MeOH 2 41 H
45 P Ph Pt P P N N N N 46 1. NH
4 PF 6 2. Ph Ph (PF 6 ) 2 2Cl
2Cl Scheme 9.14 Cyclization of 2-azidoethyl isocyanides at the Pt II template and follow-up reactions. formation of two NHCs in 48, the backbonding from the iron atom to the remaining isocyanide ligand apparently becomes strong enough to prevent another intramolecular nucleophilic attack. Thus, even after complete reduction of all three azido groups, complex 48 did not react further (Scheme 9.15). Cyclization of the remaining 2-aminoethyl isocyanide in 48 is possible if the Fe →C≡NR backbonding is reduced. This was achieved by addition of elemental iodine to a methanolic solution of 48 leading to the oxidation of the metal center to Fe III with concurrent formation of 49 [62]. While the template-stabilized 2-aminoethyl isocyanide ligand in 48 was observed more or less by accident, the directed stabilization of β-amino functionalized isocyanides is possible at electron-rich metal templates. Isocyanides 35, 41 and 2-nitrophenyl isocyanide form the electron-rich complexes of types 50 and 51. Reduction of the 2-azido or 2-nitro functions leads to the 2-amino-substituted isocyanides in complexes 52 and 53 that are stabilized by M →C≡NR backbonding and thus undergo no cyclization to the NH,NH-NHC ligands (Scheme 9.16) [64].
124 COMPLEXES WITH PROTIC N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE (NR,NH-NHC) LIGANDS Fe C
N 3
3 +
2 ] MeOH C C C N N N N 3 N 3 N 3 Fe C N NH 2 N N N N H H H
H Fe N N N N H H H
H N N H H 0.5 [ZnCl 4 ] 1.0 I 0.5 [ZnCl 4 ] Cl 47 48 49 Zn/NH
4 Cl MeOH I 2
Cyclization of 2-azidoethyl isocyanide at the {CpFe}
+ template. M OC
P P C Ph Ph Ph Ph O C N X = N
3 Zn/NH
4 Cl/H
2 O or X = NO 2 Raney-Ni/NH 2 NH 2 *H 2 O X M = Mo, W X = N 3
2 Mo OC OC P P C Ph Ph Ph Ph O C N NH 2 M OC OC P P C Ph Ph Ph (a)
(b) Ph O C N 1. Zn/NH 4 Cl, H
2 O 2. NaOH, MeOH N 3 M OC OC P P C Ph Ph Ph Ph O C N NH 2
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