Chemistry and catalysis advances in organometallic chemistry and catalysis
(0.025) 2 336 (10.1 × 10 3 ) 84 4 14
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- Scheme 18.8
- Scheme 18.9
- Scheme 18.10 Aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol [23]. TABLE 18.7
- Scheme 18.12
- REFERENCES
13 (0.025) 2 336 (10.1 × 10 3 ) 84 4
2 272 (8.16 × 10 3 ) 68 5
10 O
× 10 3 ) 92 6
5 MeO
O 215 (2.58 × 10 3
97 7
5 O
× 10 3 ) 95 8
10 O
× 10 3 ) 88 9
5 O
× 10 3 ) 85 a Reaction conditions are those indicated in Scheme 18.4 [16]. TON, turnover number (moles of product/moles of catalyst); TOF = TON/h. b Estimated by us. The rhodium(I) catalyst 15 was found to accelerate the selective oxidation of secondary alcohols (Table 18.5), from their mixture with the primary ones, and the selective conversion of diols into keto alcohols (Scheme 18.9) [19]. 18.3 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 18.3.1 Aerobic Oxidation Catalyzed by Metal Oxides The improvement of the catalytic heterogeneous aerobic oxidation of alcohols is a desired task from environmental and commercial points of view, as air/dioxygen is a cheap and environmentally friendly oxidant. Catalytic systems based on various metal oxides under MW-assisted, solvent-free, aerobic conditions were compared for benzyl alcohol oxidation (Table 18.6) [23]. The manganese oxides were prepared by solution-based or solid-state reaction procedures [24], while V 2 O
, CuO, Fe 2 O 3 , Co
2 O 3 , and NiO were obtained via sol–gel or precipitation methods [25]. The benzyl alcohol oxidation was performed in a glass reactor where the slurry of catalyst with alcohol was stirred under dioxygen pressure and MW irradiation (Scheme 18.10, Table 18.6). MnO
2 was the most active among the tested metal oxides under the reaction conditions used. Comparison of the activities of the MnO 2 -based catalytic system for the MW-assisted and CH methods in the benzyl alcohol oxidation (with O 2 or air)
revealed that MW irradiation significantly increases the reaction rate (by circa two times) with similar selectivities (“hot spot” effect) [23]. The tested MnO 2 catalyst can be recovered and recycled (the activity remains unchanged at least for a few cycles); the catalyst should be washed with deionized water and acetone and then dried at 120 ◦ C [23]. 240 MICROWAVE-ASSISTED CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS TO CARBONYL COMPOUNDS L M
M X Ar L M O Ar R ′ H R L M H Ar R R ′ O Ar H
Ar X R ′R OH R ′R O Base
X Scheme 18.6 Proposed mechanism for anaerobic oxidation of secondary alcohols with aryl halides (Ar = aryl; X = I, Cl, Br) [17]. R 1 R 2 OH R 1 R 2 O Rh I (50
μmol) Methyl acrylate (2 mmol) DMF (1 ml)-H 2 O (3 ml), MW, 140 ° C, 15 min (1 mmol) R 1 – H or aliphatic, R 2 Ru II
(25 μmol),
Methyl vinyl ketone (2 mmol) MW, 120
° C, 15 min (a) (b)
R 1 R 2 O (1 mmol) R 1 R 2 OH R 1 – H or aliphatic, R 2 – aliphatic or aromatic group Scheme 18.7 Hydrogen-transfer-type oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols [19]. OH (a)
[RuCl 2 L 3 ] Base –HCl ORuClL
3 β-
elimination –ketone
[RuHClL 3 ] OH (b)
[RuHClL 3 ] Base –HCl
ORuHL 3 β- elimination –ketone
[RuH 2 L 3 ]
Formation of ruthenium hydride catalysts in the presence of a base (L = PPh3) [21]. 18.3.2 Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Metal Composites The activity of some heterogeneous catalytic systems based on iron- and titanium-supported catalysts and hydrogen peroxide as oxidant was recently improved by utilization of MW irradiation. Thus, the MW-assisted oxidation of alcohols with hydrogen peroxide in water–acetonitrile media in the presence of various iron-, aluminum-, mixed iron/aluminum-, titanium-, and cobalt-supported (on MCM-41[26] and SBA-15 [27]) catalysts was reported recently [10b, 28]. The supported iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) were prepared from a suspension of iron(II) chloride in ethanol under MW [28a]. The preparation of Fe/Al-MCM-41 was similar, but with the use of the Al-derived support. The Ti-
B-MCM-41 catalyst was prepared from HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 241 TABLE 18.5 Hydrogen-Transfer-Type Oxidation of Alcohols Under MW Irradiation Using the Rhodium(I) [RhCl(CO)(PPh 3 ) 2 ] (15) and Ruthenium(II) [RuCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 3 ] (16) Complexes as Catalyst Precursors a Run Catalyst Substrate Product Yield, %
1 15 5-Tetradecanol 5-Tetradecanone 86 2 Cyclododecanol Cyclododecanone 99 3
Cycloocatanone 68 4 Benzyl alcohol Benzaldehyde — 5
Tridecanal — 6 16 n-Heptanol Heptanal
45 7
Tridecanal 77 8 Benzyl alcohol Benzaldehyde 54 9
Cycloocatanone 54 a Reaction conditions are those indicated in Scheme 18.7 [19]. n-C 13 H 27 OH [RhCl(CO)(PPh 3 ) 2 ] (15) Methyl acrylate (2 mmol) DMF (1 ml)–H 2 O(3 ml), MW, 140 °C, 15 min + 5-Tetradecanol n-C 13 H 27 OH (90% recovered) + 5-Tetradecanone (68% yield) HO O HO OH (72% yield) Scheme 18.9 Selective hydrogen-transfer-type oxidation of secondary aliphatic alcohols [19]. TABLE 18.6 Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol Under MW Irradiation Catalyzed by Various Metal Oxides a Selectivity, % Run Catalyst (0.5 g) BET Surface Area, m 2 /g Conversion, % Benzaldehyde Benzyl Ether 1 MnO 2 88.6
37 .7 98.6 1 .4 2 Mn 2 O 3 47.3
15 .4 90.7 9 .3 3 Mn 3 O 4 59.4
17 .5 96.1 3 .9 4 MnO 41.2
4 .0 95.9 4 .1 5 V 2 O 5 35.9
2 .5 94.3 5 .7 6 CuO 43.1
3 .9 95.7 4 .3 7 Fe 2 O 3 66.3
6 .7 80.8 19 .2 8 Co 2 O 3 80.1
11 .7 87.2 12 .8 9 NiO 72.8
13 .5 96.5 3 .5 a Reaction conditions are those indicated in Scheme 18.10 [23]. Ti-MCM-41 composite [29], which was grafted with titanium(IV) tert-butoxide. The activities and some properties of these systems are presented in Table 18.7. Good results were obtained with the Fe/Al-MCM-41 and Fe/Al-SBA-15 catalysts, leading to a maximum of circa 54% conversion of the alcohol with circa 90% selectivity toward benzaldehyde, in 1.5 min (Table 18.7, runs 8, 9) [28b]. The synergistic effect of the Fe/Al supported materials was proposed to result from the possible interaction of Fe 2 O
species with the aluminum framework of the support (i.e., formation of Fe–O–Al moieties). Tests also showed that Fe/Al-MCM-41 can be applied as an efficient catalyst for the oxidation of secondary aliphatic alcohols, such as, cyclohexanol, with 37% conversion and 99% selectivity toward the ketone in 3 min [28b]. A silica-supported Co(II) salen complex (Co(II)/SBA-15, Scheme 18.11 [27], surface area 450 m 2 /g) was tested as a catalyst for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and some other primary and secondary alcohols under MW irradiation, at 242 MICROWAVE-ASSISTED CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS TO CARBONYL COMPOUNDS CH 2
Metal oxide catalyst O 2 (30 ml/min), MW, 80
°C, 180 min (20 mmol) CHO O
Aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol [23]. TABLE 18.7 Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol with Hydrogen Peroxide Under MW Irradiation Catalyzed by Iron and Titanium- Supported Catalysts a Run Catalyst (0.05 g)
Fe Loading, wt%
Surface Area, m
2 /g Substrate, mmol H 2 O 2 , mmol Time,
min Conversion, % Selectivity b , % References 1 c Fe/MCM-41 0.32
1101 1 .85 4 .0 60 25 >95
28a 2 c Fe/starch 0.35
— 1 .85 4 .0 60 30 >95
3 c Fe/cellulose 0.29 — 1 .85 4 .0 60 28 >95 4 Siliceous support — 879/880
2 .0 5 .3 60 — — 28b
5 Fe/Si-MCM-41 0.48 —
.0 5 .3 60 25 >99 6 Fe/Si-SBA-15 0.42 —
.0 5 .3 60 22 >99 7 Al-supports — 937/747
2 .0 5 .3 60
>99 8
0.54 970
2 .0 5 .3 1.5
53 90 9 Fe/Al-SBA-15 0.63
688 2 .0 5 .3 1.5 54 92 10 d Ti-
t B-MCM-41
— 926
20 .0 15 .0 30 40 >99 28c
a Reaction conditions: acetonitrile (2 ml), MW (300 W). b Selectivity concerning benzaldehyde. c MW (200 W, 70–90 ◦ C).
d 0.1 g of catalyst, no acetonitrile, MW (300 W, 130–140 ◦ C).
O N Co O N SiO 2 O N Co O N Si(OMe) 3 Si(OMe) 3 SiO
2 Scheme 18.11 Co(II) salen complex supported on SBA-15 [27]. 100–140 ◦
to that of CH (Table 18.8, runs 1–3 vs 4–6, respectively), in terms of achieving higher yields and selectivities toward benzaldehyde. The catalyst can be recycled, but its activity significantly drops after 5 cycles [10b]. Catalytic systems based on gold clusters confined within mesoporous silica were used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous media in the presence of a base under MW irradiation, giving mainly the corresponding ketones and/or aldehydes and/or carboxylic acids (Scheme 18.13, Table 18.9) [30]. Different methods to deposit the gold clusters on silica were used and the activities of the thus obtained Au-SBA-15 composites were compared. [Au-SBA-15(DP)] and [Au-SBA-15(IP)] were obtained by the deposition, precipitation, and impregnation methods, respectively, whereas a multistep procedure was applied for the preparation of [Au-SBA-15(20)], that is, Au 11 3 + clusters protected by triphenylphosphine [31] were deposited on SBA-15 in dichloromethane– ethanol, and the obtained Au 11 :TPP-SBA-15 composite was calcined. HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 243 R 1 R 2 OH Co(II)/SBA-15 catalyst (2 mol%) H 2 O 2 (4 mmol, aqueous solvent 50%), MW, 100–130 °C R
R 2 O (1 mmol) R 1 – aromatic R 2 – H, Me MW–yield: 65–85% CH–yield: 30–50%
Oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols catalyzed by Co(II)/SBA-15 [27]. TABLE 18.8 Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols with Hydrogen Peroxide Under MW Irradiation Catalyzed by Co(II)/SBA-15 Catalyst a Run Substrate Heating Method Temperature, ◦ C Time, h Conversion, % Selectivity b , % 1 Benzyl alcohol MW 100
0.75 65 95 2 Benzyl alcohol MW 120–130
0.75 85 90 3 Benzyl alcohol MW 120–130
1 85 95 4 Benzyl alcohol CH 100
48 <30 70 5 Benzyl alcohol CH 120 48 55 60 6 Benzyl alcohol CH 140
24 50 80 7 p-Chloro-benzyl alcohol MW 120–130 0.5 95 >99 8 p-Methyl-benzyl alcohol MW 120–130 0.75 80 >95 9 1-Phenylethanol MW 120–130
0.75 90 >99 a Reaction conditions are those indicated in Scheme 18.12 [27]. b Selectivity concerning corresponding aldehydes and ketones. Au-SBA H 2 O (10 ml), K 2 CO 3 (300 mol%), MW, 80 °C 1 2 3 (0.5 mmol) H 2 O 2 (1 mmol), OH OH
O O H O Au-SBA
H 2 O (10 ml), K 2 CO 3 (300 mol%), MW, 80 °C
2 3 R 1 – aliphatic or aromatic group R 2
3 (0.5 mmol) H 2
2 (1 mmol), R 1
2 OH R 1 R 2 O R 1 OH O R 1 O O R (a)
(b) Scheme 18.13 Oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols catalyzed by Au-SBA-15 composites (Au-SBA: 0.25 at%) [30]. A quantitative conversion of benzyl alcohol was achieved in 1 h under MW irradiation, while under CH circa 84% of the alcohol was converted to the carbonyl products in 12 h (Table 18.9, runs 3 and 4). The catalytic system is much less active toward oxidation of aliphatic primary alcohols; only 17% of n-pentanol was converted to the corresponding aldehyde in 2 h (Table 18.9, run 9). 244 MICROWAVE-ASSISTED CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS TO CARBONYL COMPOUNDS TABLE 18.9 Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols with Hydrogen Peroxide Under MW Irradiation Catalyzed by Various Au-SBA-15 Composites a Selectivity, % Run Catalyst
Substrate Time, min Conversion, % 1 2 3 1 Au-SBA-15(DP) Benzyl alcohol 60 71 20 36 0 2 Au-SBA-15(IP) Benzyl alcohol 60 76 42 15 2 3 Au-SBA-15(20) Benzyl alcohol 60 100 6 91 2 4 b Au-SBA-15(20) Benzyl alcohol 720
84 2 80 0 5 Au-SBA-15(20) p-Chloro-benzyl alcohol 50 100 4 81 10 6 Au-SBA-15(20) m-Hydroxy benzyl alcohol 25 100 11 86 0 7 Au-SBA-15(20) 1-Phenylethanol 90 98 96 — — 8 Au-SBA-15(20) 1-Indanol 30 100 98 — — 9 Au-SBA-15(20) n-Pentanol 120
19 17 0 0 10 SBA-15 Benzyl alcohol 60 7 2 0 0 a Reaction conditions are those indicated in Scheme 18.13 [30]. b Conventional heating was used. 18.4 CONCLUSIONS Increase of temperature is the simplest way of reaction rate acceleration, but some drawbacks can be associated with CH, such as, drop of selectivity toward desired products and degradation of the catalyst. Utilization of MW irradiation instead of CH, can present marked advantages relative to the latter method, as described herein for some homogeneous alcohol oxidations, allowing to achieve higher and faster conversions of alcohols with acceptable selectivities. However, the activity of the catalytic systems, even under MW irradiation, is usually still low for the oxidation of aliphatic alcohols, except in a few cases, for example, the anaerobic oxidation catalyzed by some palladium(II) complexes. Moreover, MW irradiation can enhance the efficiency of various heterogeneous catalytic alcohol oxidation systems (especially those of aromatic alcohols), namely, those concerning aerobic and peroxidative oxidation. In spite of the disputed MW thermal and nonthermal effects concerning homogeneous reactions, the topic is gaining increased interest.
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