Chemistry and catalysis advances in organometallic chemistry and catalysis
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- Regioselectivity Siteselectivity Figure 34.5
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466 METAL CATALYSIS IN FULLERENE CHEMISTRY A major breakthrough in this respect has been the introduction of asymmetric metal catalysis for the preparation pyrrolidino[3,4:1,2][60]fullerenes with a complete control on the absolute configuration [53]. Pyrrolidinofullerenes are probably the most widely used fullerene derivatives because of their stability, versatility, and the availability of reactants. Their synthesis is based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides formed by thermal treatment from aldehydes and amino acids [54, 55] or from iminoesters [56, 57]. The latter lacks selectivity since it affords a diastereomeric mixture (cis and trans) of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidinofullerenes. On the other hand, the use of the suitable combination of a metal salt, chiral ligand, and base promotes at low temperature the formation in situ of chiral N-metalated azomethine ylides from the corresponding iminoester and the subsequent selective cycloaddition onto the fullerene cage. Thus, the P,S chiral ligand Fesulphos along with copper(II) acetate directs the addition toward the formation of the stereoisomer (2S,5S)-2-alkoxycarbonyl-5-arylpyrrolidino[3,4:1,2][60]fullerene with complete cis diasteroselectivity and enantiomeric excesses up to 93% (Scheme 34.9). A complete cis diasteroselectivity was displayed also by the silver acetate/(-)BPE {(-)-1,2-Bis[(2R,5R)-2,5- diphenylphospholano]ethane } complex but with an inverted enantioselectivity affording the (2R,5R) compound with ee up to 90% [53]. The synthesis of these pyrrolidines was demonstrated to be completely stereodivergent by the use of copper(II) complexes with both atropoisomers of the ligand DTBM (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl) Segphos. The corresponding chiral N-copper azomethine ylides formed using triethyl amine as base underwent a stepwise cycloaddition affording the trans diasteromers, with both enantiomers in high optical purity [58]. The presence of two new chiral carbon atoms linked to the fullerene cage perturbs asymmetrically the symmetric π-system of pristine [60]fullerene chromophore, giving rise to circular dichroism (CD) spectra whose shape and intensity depend on the absolute configuration of the new formed pyrrolidine ring. Enantiomers obtained from the same catalytic complex give rise to CD spectra with the same sign and behavior at 430 nm. This peak corresponds to a UV–vis band considered to be the fingerprint for all fullerene monoadducts at 6,6 junctions (between two fused hexagons) regardless of the nature of the organic addend saturating the double bond and, therefore, has been used to assign the absolute configuration of the chiral [60]fullerene derivatives [59]. A sector rule has been proposed that consists in drawing a plane tangent to the C 60 sphere at the attacked 6–6 single bond. This plane is, in turn, divided into four sectors by two other planes: one that goes through the 6–6 bond and the other that bisects the 6–6 single bond (Fig. 34.2). Accordingly, all the compounds featuring a positive peak at 430 nm region are consistent with the presence of the bulkier substituent in the upper right quadrant (or, but it is the same, in the lower left quadrant) and vice versa. Therefore, since all the pyrrolidinofullerenes formed from the Cu(II)/Fesulphos catalytic complex showed in their CD spectra a positive peak at 430 nm, a (2S,5S) stereochemistry has been assigned considering that the phenyl group is bulkier than the alkoxycarboxyl group (Fig. 34.3). (2R,5S)-trans ee = 90 −97%
(2S,5R)-trans ee = 90
−96% Cu(OTf)
2 /Et
3 N O O O O PR 2 PR 2 R = 2,5-
t Bu-3-MeO-Ph O O
O PR 2 PR 2 Cu(OTf) 2 /Et
3 N H N R 1 O 2 C Ar N Ar CO 2 R 1 + C 60 (2S,5S)-cis ee = 90 −93%
(2R,5R)-cis ee = 82
−90% P P Ph Ph Ph Ph Fe Ph 2 P S Cu(OAc) 2 AgAcO H N Ar CO 2 R 1 H N R 1 O 2 C Ar H N Ar CO 2 R 1 Scheme 34.9 Stereodivergent synthesis of [60]fulleropyrrolidines by asymmetric catalysis. ASYMMETRIC CATALYSIS IN FULLERENE CHEMISTRY 467 R R R R + − − + 400 −20
−4 −2 0 2 4 20 0 θ (mdeg)
θ (mdeg)
−2 −1 −10 10 0 0 1 2
(mdeg)
(mdeg)
450 500
Wavelength (nm) 550
600 400
450 500
Wavelength (nm) 550
600 400
450 500
Wavelength (nm) 550
600 400
450 500
Wavelength (nm) 550
600 2a 2c 2d 2b (a) (b) Figure 34.2 (a) Schematic top view of the four sectors of the plane tangent to the attacked double bond with the respective sign. (b) CD spectra of both enantiomers of several cis-[60]fulleropyrrolidines (see Scheme 34.9): blue line represents (2R,5R) enantiomers obtained from Ag(I)/( −)BPE and the red line (2S,5S) enantiomers synthesized using Cu(II)/Fesulphos. (See insert for color representation of the
+ + − − 400 −20 0
(mdeg) 20
450 Wavelength (nm) 475 500
Ag(I)/(-)-BPE Cu(II)/Fesulphos MeO 2
H N Ar MeO 2 C N H Ar Figure 34.3 Absolute configuration assigned for both cis-2-carboximethyl-5-(p-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidino[3,4:1,2][60]fullerene enan- tiomers using the sector rule. (See insert for color representation of the figure.) Similarly, when Cu(II)/(R)-DTBM segphos complexes are used, the trans pyrrolidino[60]fullerene features a (2R,5S) configuration. Moreover, chiral complexes affording the trans adduct present a higher intensity at the 430 nm peak, as both substituents lay above the sectors with the same sign, thereby resulting in an additive effect (Fig. 34.4). 300 −10
0 10 400 500 λ (nm)
600 700
800 θ (mdeg)
(2R,5R) cis enantiomer (2R,5R)-cis (2S,5R) trans enantiomer (2S,5R)-trans − −
− + + + + R R O O O O N N Ar Ar Ar Ar H N H N COOMe COOMe
(R) (R) (S) (R) Figure 34.4 Trans configuration in the pyrrolidine substituents giving rise to an additive effect in the CD peak at 425–430 nm. On the other hand, cis isomers present less pronounced peaks in that region, the effect of the heavier aromatic moiety being predominant with respect to the ester group. 468 METAL CATALYSIS IN FULLERENE CHEMISTRY Asymmetric functionalization of higher fullerenes has to face even more complicated selectivity issues. Indeed, just considering the next higher homolog of C 60 , namely, C 70 , different types of double bonds are accessible as a result of the loosing of the spherical symmetry of C 60 . The most common additions to [70]fullerene take place at the more curved and reactive polar zone, namely, at the α double bond (C(8)–C(25) (according to IUPAC nomenclature) followed by β, C(7) –C(22), then γ (C(1) –C(2)) sites and only rarely to the δ site, located in the equatorial region, the site selectivity being driven by the release of strain of the relevant double bond. All the chiral complexes described above catalyzed the N-metalated azomethine ylides cycloaddition with a high site selectivity, obtaining almost exclusively the α site isomer. Furthermore, good levels of regioselectivity were also achieved, as the reaction afforded the regioisomer with the alkoxycarboxyl group on the polar region in 80% yield (Fig. 34.5) [60]. Anagous to the example in the addition to [60]fullerene, the use of Cu(II) triflate with (R)- or (S)-Segphos affords both enantiomers of trans diastereomer, whereas the use of Cu(II) acetate/Fesulphos or Ag(I) acetate/( −)BPE gives rise to (S,S) or (R,R) enantiomers, respectively, of the cis diastereoisomer [57, 59]. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations (at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory) account completely for the regio- and stereochemical result of the silver-catalyzed azomethine ylides cycloaddition onto C 70 (Fig. 34.6). A stepwise mechanism indicates that the origins of the observed selectivity are determined by the first step of the cycloaddition at the site, regio, and enantio levels. As far as the enantioselectivity of the reaction is concerned, the (si,re) attack requires a larger departure of the catalyst from its optimal conformation shown in Fig. 34.6, thus favoring the (re,si) attack, in good agreement with the experimentally observed enantioselectivity [59]. NH ROOC Ar NH Ar COOR α Site(C 25 −C 8 )
7 −C
) Minor
Major γ Site(C 1 −C 2 )
Siteselectivity Figure 34.5 Site- and regioselectivity in C 70 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-metalated azomethine ylides. Figure 34.6 Blockage of the (si,re) face of the 1,3-dipole in the silver-catalyzed azomethine ylides cycloaddition onto C 70 , accounted by DFT calculations. CONCLUSIONS 469 CI CI CI CI 44 45 62 61 63 1 64 60 72 8 50 71 65 67 66 6 68 51 52 53 55 4 46 47 23 22 48 40 49 50 37 31 20 30 19 32 33 34 16 16 15 17 19 13 30 21 28 26 27 34 36 32 31 38 37 33 52 5 53 68 56 66 67 71 72 60 64 61 62 63 41 47 42 45 46 44
48 29 22 23 65 49 56 51 50 3 25 2 14 4 3 5 2 1 12 7 11
9 10 15 17 18 14 13 12 2 1 3 5 5 8 25 27 29 28 26 10 11 7 8 9 f,s C La@C
72 f,s
A La@C
72 Figure 34.7 Enantiomers of C 6 H
Cl 2 La@C 72 . Endohedral metallofullerenes, which encapsulate one or more metal atoms, a molecule, or a cluster inside the fullerene cage, are promising molecules in biomedical and materials science, because they can radically enhance the molecular properties of fullerenes by changing the nature and composition of the encapsulated species [7, 61]. In particular, they are of interest as agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [62], photovoltaic devices [63], and semimetallic components [64]. The synthesis of chiral endofullerenes represents one step further in the potential use of these carbon allotropes. However, all attempts to extend this methodology to a series of pristine endofullerenes (namely, Sc 3 N@C 80 , La@C
82 , and La
2 @C 80 ) were unsuccessful, probably due to the energy mismatch between the HOMO of the 1,3-dipole and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy of the endohedrals, which is considerably higher than that of C 60 and C 70 . In order to address this issue, a functionalized endohedral La@C 72 , endowed with a strong electron-withdrawing substituent such as the dichlorophenyl radical was used. Furthermore, the intrinsic structure of this endohedral significantly modified the LUMO level (close to those of C 60 and C
70 ), thus allowing its further reactivity with N-metalated 1,3-dipoles [65]. On the other hand, the chosen endohedral starting material is inherently chiral and, therefore, it was used as a racemic mixture. Nonetheless, and despite the high number of possible addition sites, the chiral metal complex proved to be able to afford only eight optically pure isomers. As resulted from UV analysis, the addition occurred site-selectively onto only two double bonds, identified as C(13)–C(14) and C(27)–C(28) by theoretical calculations (see atoms marked in black in Fig. 34.7). For each double bond, two possible regioisomers are formed and, finally, the racemic nature of the endohedral starting material leads to eight optically active isomeric compounds since all of them present a cis stereochemistry. All the eight isomers are formed in high enantiomeric excesses and feature the pyrrolidine moiety with an absolute configuration (2S,5S) as a result of the employment of the Cu(II)acetate/Fesulphos pair (Fig. 34.8). However, the apparent mirror image of the registered CD spectra of the eight compounds demonstrates the dominant effect of the chiral cage over the effect of the chiral pyrrolidine ring. 34.5 CONCLUSIONS The above examples describing the use of metals as catalysts for a variety of reactions in fullerene chemistry reveal the potential they have to afford new and unprecedented fullerene derivatives in an efficient and straightforward manner. The former chemical modification of pristine fullerenes was directed to the preparation of fullerene derivatives suitably functionalized to be tested in the search for properties and practical applications. In this regard, most of the classical reactions available in the arsenal of the organic chemistry were tested. However, important issues in fullerene chemistry such as selectivity and chirality had not been previously addressed in the appropriate way till the advent of metals in chemical reactions involving fullerenes. In this regard, in addition to the ease of preparation of some fullerene derivatives by metal-catalyzed reactions such as carbene insertions, arylations, and PK reaction, other important aspects such as the site,
470 METAL CATALYSIS IN FULLERENE CHEMISTRY MeO N
Ph 2 P S t Bu Fe Cu(AcO) 2 ( f,s C and f,s
A) La@C
72 (C 6 H 3 Cl 2 ) f,s C or f,s
A La@C
72 H N Cl Cl + toluene, r.t. (R ) (S) (S) (Racemic mixture) OMe MeOOC
N Ar M MeO O (re,si) face (si,re) face Figure 34.8 The use of copper(II) acetate/Fesulphos directs the cycloaddition to the (si, re) face of the dipole affording eight pyrrolidino- functionalized endohedrals featuring the same (2S,5S) configuration. Four of these isomers are the result of the addition onto the clockwise enantiomeric starting material, and the others are formed by the addition onto the anticlockwise material. regio, diastereo, and enantioselectivity of higher fullerenes have been successfully accomplished by means of metal catalysis. Furthermore, the most difficult stereocontrol in fullerene derivatives has also been recently achieved, and enantiomerically pure fullerenes of important derivatives such as pyrrolidinofullerenes can now be prepared at will. The great advance in the chemical control of fullerene derivatives by means of metals can also be considered as a benchmark for the further development of the less known chemistry of the most-difficult-to-handle carbon nanotubes and graphenes. No doubt, the use of metals will enhance the possibilities of these new carbon-based materials in the search for practical applications.
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