Chemistry and catalysis advances in organometallic chemistry and catalysis
V b Fe a p-CH 3 -phenyl VI b
Download 11.05 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
V b Fe a p-CH 3 -phenyl VI b Fe b p-CH 3 -phenyl V c Fe a p-H-phenyl VI c Fe b p-H-phenyl V d Fe a p-Cl-phenyl VI d Fe b p-Cl-phenyl V e Fe a p-COOCH 3 -phenyl VI e Fe b p-COOCH 3 -phenyl V f Fe a p-CF 3 -phenyl VI f Fe b p-CF 3 -phenyl VII b Cr CH 3 VIII b Cr CH 3 VII c Cr H VII g Cr
= I c)
Cr
= II c)
Cr
3 -p-OCH 3 -phenyl
IX c Cr
3 -p-H-phenyl IX f Cr
3 -p-CF 3 -phenyl
a (CO)
4 . b (CO) 3 . BASIC GROUP OF AMINOCARBENES 657 0.3
0.4 0.5
0.6 0.7
0.8 0.9
1 −0.4
−0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Hammett constant σ p ( σ i ) E ox ( V vs SCE)
Figure 48.3 Electrochemical oxidation of aminocarbene complexes—influence of substituents. Symbol code: Series I, Cr nonchelates; Series II, Cr chelates; Series V, Fe nonchelates; Series VI, Fe chelates; Series VII, Cr nonchelates substituted directly on the carbene C (values against σ i
× Series VIII, Cr chelates substituted directly on the carbene C (values against σ i ). −2.3 −2.2
−2.1 −2 −1.9 −1.8 −1.7
−1.6 −1.5
−0.4 −0.2
0 0.2
0.4 0.6
Hammett constant σ p ( σ i ) E red
( V vs SCE)
Figure 48.4 Electrochemical reduction of aminocarbene complexes—influence of substituents. Symbol code: Series I, Cr nonchelates; Series II, Cr chelates; Series V, Fe nonchelates; Series VI, Fe chelates; Series VII, Cr nonchelates substituted directly on the carbene C (values against σ i
× Series VIII, Cr chelates substituted directly on the carbene C (values against σ i ). Encircled: molecules bearing p-COOCH 3 -phenyl substituent. The first oxidation and first reduction potentials of aminocarbene complexes presented above were plotted against the σ values belonging to the individual substituents—Fig. 48.3 for oxidation and Fig. 48.4 for reduction (for the σ p and
σ i values see Table 48.2). The corresponding ρ-values, that is, slopes of the linear dependencies are quoted in Table 48.3. This group of aminocarbene complexes represents, in fact, a multidimensional set of relative compounds, where comparison of potentials and slopes of various series of derivatives enables to elucidate individual properties, influences, and structural features: 1. The comparison between the slopes ( ρ-values) of oxidation and reduction dependencies point to the localization of the oxidation and/or reduction center (i.e., HOMO and LUMO orbitals). 2. The comparison of potentials as well as the ρ-values between the nonchelates I, V, and VII b on one side, and the corresponding chelates II, VI, and VIIIb enables to explain the role of presence/absence of the chelate ring. 658 ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF FISCHER AMINOCARBENE COMPLEXES TABLE 48.2 Selected σ
and σ
Values of Substituents Involved in this Contribution a Substituent –OCH 3 –CH 3 –H –Cl –COOCH 3 –CF 3 −phenyl
σ p value −0.28 −0.14
0 0.22
0.45 0.54
σ i value −0.05 0 0.10 a Ref. 8.
TABLE 48.3 Slopes of the Linear Free Energy Relationship (LFER) Dependencies E
(R red ) Versus σ
(Without the Data for the Compounds with—COOCH 3 Substituent) Series
ρ oxidation ρ reduction I 0.082; R 2 = 0.908
0.344; R 2 = 0.957 II 0.070; R 2 = 0.981
0.224; R 2 = 0.925 V 0.069; R 2 = 0.968
0.334; R 2 = 0.976 VI 0.065; R 2 = 0.450
0.255; R 2 = 0.857 VII a 0.330; R 2 = 0.997
2.00; R 2 = 0.993 a Values against σ i
3. The comparison of the derivatives I c and II c with the tungsten analogs III c and IV c evaluates the differences within the Group 6 metals. 4. The comparison of the series I and II against V and VI reflects not only different central metal atom, but also its different coordination number. 5. The comparison of compounds IX with the analogous derivatives from the group I and II reflects the sterical hindrances affecting the electron delocalization. 6. The comparison of the slopes ( ρ-values) of compounds VII and VIII against the corresponding derivatives from the groups I and II illustrates the role of the phenylene unit on the ligand.
One of the rules mentioned above and following from the LFER treatment is that the higher slope (higher ρ-value) indicates either a shorter distance between the substituent and the reaction center, or, in the case of the same distance, a higher level of electron communication– delocalization. From a comparison of Figs. 48.3 and 48.4, it is evident that in all the presented series, the substituents in the p-position of the phenyl ring have negligible influence on the oxidation potential of the whole molecule ( ρ-values are between 0.06 and 0.08), whereas the reduction potential is significantly affected by the substituents ( ρ-values are between 0.22 and 0.34). In addition to this, when the phenyl ring is let out and the substituents are bound directly to the carbene carbon (compounds VII, VIII), the influence of the slope of the substitution on oxidation potential is significantly higher than that of the compounds I and II (Fig. 48.3), but still much lower than the slope for reduction potentials (Fig. 48.4, Table 48.3). This enormous dependence of the reduction potential reflects the direct connection of the substituent with the reduction center. Since only the inductive effect acts in the case of series VII and VIII, the constants σ i fit much better to the LFER treatment than the σ p
On the other hand, the exchange of Cr by W (Group 6 metals) shifts the oxidation potential significantly (by 200–300 mV) to more positive potentials, reflecting the stabilizing effect of the more diffuse nature of tungsten d-orbitals, whereas the difference in reduction potential is around 50 mV [10]. The comparison of the Cr and Fe complexes is more complicated, because, besides their different intrinsic electronic properties, the different number of CO ligands also plays a role. Owing to the fact that iron is more electron rich than chromium and has one carbonyl ligand less, the oxidation of iron complexes proceeds more easily than that of chromium and tungsten (Fig. 48.3). As an experimental result, the oxidation center in aminocarbene complexes (and thus the HOMO) is localized on the central metal atom and the reduction center (LUMO) is on the carbene carbon. BASIC GROUP OF AMINOCARBENES 659 (a)
(b) Figure 48.5 HOMO (a) and LUMO (b) of the compound I c. (See insert for color representation of the figure.) This was confirmed by quantum chemical calculations of displacement of HOMO and LUMO (Fig. 48.5). The calculated shape of the LUMO revealed that the reduction center involves not only the carbene carbon but also the nitrogen and the interconnecting bond. This is consistent with one of the mesomeric structures: () M–C(R) =X ( +) . This shape of the frontier orbitals leads to a specific feature of their UV–vis spectra: the lowest energy absorption band exhibits a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character. This type of behavior was confirmed by comparing experimental UV–vis spectra with their theoretical models [15]. The above results show that carbene ligands are redox active and behave as so-called “non-innocent ligands.” This type of redox behavior is of great importance in electron-transfer processes taking place in nature [16]. In Fischer-type carbenes, an intramolecular electron transfer from a d 7 -metal center to the carbene ligand has been described, resulting in a d 6 -metal
and carbene radical [17]. 48.4.2 Chelating Versus Nonchelating Structures in Cr and W Complexes A remarkable feature presented in Fig. 48.3 is that the oxidation potential of nonchelated complexes of Cr and W is by 250–350 mV more positive than that of the corresponding chelates, hence, the chelates are oxidized much more easily. This difference is caused by the fact that the number of electron-withdrawing carbonyl ligands directly connected to the metal (oxidation center) is lower by one in chelates. Another example of electrochemical oxidation of molecules differing in Cr/W center can be found in [18]. In the case of reduction (Fig. 48.4), the situation is different: the chromium (as well as tungsten) complexes exhibit very similar reduction potentials. This fact is consistent with the previous finding that the distant carbonyl ligands do not influence the reduction properties. However, a question arose as to why the reduction potentials of nonchelates are more dependent on the substitution than those of chelates; in other words, why the two linear dependencies have different ρ-values and are crossing at σ p = 0.
On the basis of the above consideration about LFER, the higher slope reflects the higher level of electron communication between the substituted phenyl ring and the aminocarbene center. From the structure analysis [19], it is known that the aryl ring attached to the carbene carbon is in its most stable position oriented orthogonally to the metal–carbon–nitrogen plane in solid state as well as in solution [20]. One can expect that the efficient overlap of the two π-systems will depend on the ease of phenyl ring rotation [9]. The hindered rotation is a result of steric interactions between the N-alkyl substituent and o-hydrogen atoms of an aromatic ring. It was experimentally proved that the flexible N-methyl substituent in the nonchelated complexes I enables easier rotation of the phenyl ring than the more rigid noncoordinated N-allyl substituent in chelated complexes II (Fig. 48.6a and b). The corresponding values of G = 298 are 62.5 kJ/mol for chelated N-allyl derivative (II c) and 54.5 kJ/mol for the corresponding N-methyl derivative [21]. Moreover, introduction of the o-methyl substituent (series IX) prevents the rotation even more: the ρ-values for nonchelates, chelates, and o-methyl nonchelates are 0.344, 0.224, and 0.137, respectively. In support of the above statement, it has been observed [20] that in the series of chelated complexes II, the height of the rotation barrier depends also on the electronic nature of a p-substituent on the phenyl ring: Electron donors make the
(Fig. 48.5c). 660 ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF FISCHER AMINOCARBENE COMPLEXES H N
CH 3 H 3 C CO CO CO CO CO H N M CO CO CO CO
N
CO CO CO CO CO R a b c Figure 48.6 Relationship between the structure and ease of rotation. 48.4.3 Chelating Versus Nonchelating Structures in Cr and Fe Complexes The interpretation of the different manifestation of chelates and nonchelates in Cr and Fe complexes (series I and II vs V and VI) is more complicated. From the LFER treatment (Fig. 48.3 and Fig. 48.4), it follows that, in Cr complexes, chelates are more easily oxidized by about 350 mV than nonchelates, on the other hand, reduction of nonchelates proceeds in the same region of potentials as the reduction of chelates (both findings were discussed above). In the case of Fe complexes, however, the situation is reversed: whereas the oxidation of chelates as well as nonchelates occurs at similar potentials, the reduction of chelates is more difficult than reduction of nonchelates by about 100 mV. The question is, why (in contradiction to the Cr derivatives), in iron complexes E ox
= E ox (nonchelate), whereas |E red
| (chel)
> |E red
| (nonchelate). The most reasonable explanation is based on the difference in the coordination number. Chromium has the coordination number 6 (octahedral), thus the allylic ligand is pushed out by the remaining four CO ligands and therefore the distances Cr–allyl and Cr–C are relatively long. As a result, the coordination of the allyl is weak and back donation Cr → C is negligible. Reduction potential (LUMO) is not influenced by substitution of allyl for methyl and oxidation potential (HOMO) is strongly influenced (by 350 mV) by the substitution of the electron-withdrawing ligand CO by an electron-donating allylic π-system. Iron, as a more electron-rich metal than chromium, has the coordination number 5 (trigonal bipyramid) and enables shorter length Fe–allyl and Fe–C bonds. As a consequence, stronger allyl coordination and thus stronger back donation Fe → C occurs, and owing to the back donation, the reduction potential of chelates is slightly more negative (by 100 mV) than that of nonchelates. In the case of oxidation, the stronger back donation in chelates aimed to both carbene and allyl ligands compensates the effect of the lower number of the CO ligand. The experimental values of E red and E ox can be used for deriving values of E = E
red – E ox that can be taken as an experimental value relative to the HOMO–LUMO gap or d–d splitting. Mean values of
discussed above are E(I, Cr nonchelates) = 2.79 V; E(II, Cr chelates) = 2,44 V; E(V, Fe nonchelates) = 2.25 V; E(VI, Fe chelates) = 2,43 V. The data reflects higher stability of chromium complexes I compared with II, which may be attributed to a different number of CO groups, and a reverse situation in their iron analogs:
than that of V (nonchelates). This fact gives the reason for the higher tendency of iron to form chelated carbene complexes compared to chromium, as described in [22].
Taking advantage of the LFER treatment of the electrochemical data, we have found an irregularity in reduction of all compounds where the phenyl ring is substituted in p-position by methyl ester function [23] (I e, II e, V e, VI e). While all other substituents follow the linear Hammett relationship, the derivatives substituted by the p-carbonyl group are always reduced more easily and the observed values of E red are always shifted by 150 mV toward less negative potentials (cf., anomalous values in Fig. 48.4). This observation points to a different reduction mechanism, caused by a different, more-delocalized system where the carbonyl is involved. The situation resembles the unusual reduction mechanism of p-dicarbonyl benzenes [24] published in 1960s, where, in aqueous solutions, a two-electron reversible process was found. The explanation was based on the assumption that the two equal carbonyls provide the planar shape of the molecule where an extended quinoid mesomeric structure takes place involving both carbonyls. In our case, however, the experiments proceed in aprotic media, only one carbonyl is present, and the substitution in p-positions is nonsymmetric and complicated by the carbene function. Nevertheless, the second carbonyl can be mimicked either by the formal Cr =C double bond or by the hypothetic C=N double bond and the observed anomalous reduction potentials can be explained by the model of p-dicarbonyl benzene.
HETARYL CHROMIUM(0) AMINOCARBENES 661 OCH
3 CH 3 H Cl CF 3 COOCH
3 −2.0
−1.9 −1.8
−1.7 −1.6
−1.5 −1.4
−1.7 −1.6
−1.5 −1.4
−1.3 −1.2
E (LUMO) (eV) E red
( V vs SCE)
Figure 48.7 Correlation of the measured reduction potentials and the calculated energies of LUMO of the series V. (a) (b)
Figure 48.8 LUMOs of the methoxy derivative V a (a) and the methylester derivative V e (b). (See insert for color representation of the figure.) Theoretical treatment proved this analogy, which has not been reported up to now. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the energy of the LUMO decreases as the shape of the orbital spreads across the whole phenyl group of the carbene moiety. In contrast to the Hammett dependence, the calculated LUMO energies of the whole series correlate well with the measured reduction potentials (Fig. 48.7). The difference in the shape of the LUMO of the methoxy-substituent and methyl ester (Fig. 48.8) is a good illustration. Even from the picture, a different participation of the Ph-OMe and Ph-COOMe on the LUMO is evident. The calculated LUMO composition is Va: C carbene
51%, NMe 2 22%, Ph-R 13% Ve: C carbene
11%, NMe 2 6%, Ph-R 76% In addition to this, the calculated shape of the LUMO of p-diacetylbenzene is practically identical to that in Fig. 48.8b. The above-mentioned example shows, how a “small” change in a remote substituent can cause an unexpected and total rearrangement of the LUMO displacement accompanied by different redox properties of these potential catalysts. 48.5 HETARYL CHROMIUM(0) AMINOCARBENES In Section 48.4.4, it was shown that the attached phenyl ring with its p- and o-substituents significantly influences the reduction potential, which is closely connected with the shape and distribution of the LUMO, in other words, with the extent
662 ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF FISCHER AMINOCARBENE COMPLEXES S N
5 Cr CH 3 H 3 C O N (CO) 5 Cr CH 3 H 3 C N N (CO)
5 Cr CH 3 H 3 C CH 3 N (CO)
5 Cr CH 3 H 3 C S N (CO) 5 Cr CH 3 H 3 C O N (CO)
5 Cr CH 3 H 3 C N CH
3 Download 11.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling